Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize the available information regarding salt sensitivity particularly as it relates to non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics and to clarify possible etiologies, especially those that might shed light on potential treatment options. In non-Hispanic blacks, there is evidence that endothelial dysfunction, reduced potassium intake, decreased urinary kallikrein excretion, upregulation of sodium channel activity, dysfunction in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) production, and APOL1 gene nephropathy risk variants may cause or contribute to salt sensitivity. Supported treatment avenues include diets high in potassium and soybean protein, the components of which stimulate nitric oxide production. Racial heterogeneity complicates the study of salt sensitivity in Hispanic populations. Caribbean Hispanics, who have a higher proportion of African ancestry, may respond to commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive agents in a way that is characteristic of non-Hispanic black hypertensives. The low-renin hypertensive phenotype commonly seen in non-Hispanic blacks has been linked to salt sensitivity and may indicate an increased risk for salt sensitivity in a portion of the Hispanic population. In conclusion, increased morbidity and mortality associated with salt sensitivity mandates further studies evaluating the efficacy of tailored dietary and pharmacologic treatment in non-Hispanic blacks and determining the prevalence of low renin hypertension and salt sensitivity within the various subgroups of Hispanic Americans.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 170-179 |
| Number of pages | 10 |
| Journal | Journal of the American Society of Hypertension |
| Volume | 7 |
| Issue number | 2 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Mar 2013 |
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Keywords
- Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Hispanic
- hypertension
- kallikrein
- nitric oxide
- non-Hispanic black
- potassium salt sensitivity
- renal sodium channel
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
- Internal Medicine
Cite this
Salt sensitivity : A review with a focus on non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics. / Richardson, Safiya I.; Freedman, Barry I.; Ellison, David; Rodriguez, Carlos J.
In: Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, Vol. 7, No. 2, 03.2013, p. 170-179.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Salt sensitivity
T2 - A review with a focus on non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics
AU - Richardson, Safiya I.
AU - Freedman, Barry I.
AU - Ellison, David
AU - Rodriguez, Carlos J.
PY - 2013/3
Y1 - 2013/3
N2 - The purpose of this review is to summarize the available information regarding salt sensitivity particularly as it relates to non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics and to clarify possible etiologies, especially those that might shed light on potential treatment options. In non-Hispanic blacks, there is evidence that endothelial dysfunction, reduced potassium intake, decreased urinary kallikrein excretion, upregulation of sodium channel activity, dysfunction in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) production, and APOL1 gene nephropathy risk variants may cause or contribute to salt sensitivity. Supported treatment avenues include diets high in potassium and soybean protein, the components of which stimulate nitric oxide production. Racial heterogeneity complicates the study of salt sensitivity in Hispanic populations. Caribbean Hispanics, who have a higher proportion of African ancestry, may respond to commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive agents in a way that is characteristic of non-Hispanic black hypertensives. The low-renin hypertensive phenotype commonly seen in non-Hispanic blacks has been linked to salt sensitivity and may indicate an increased risk for salt sensitivity in a portion of the Hispanic population. In conclusion, increased morbidity and mortality associated with salt sensitivity mandates further studies evaluating the efficacy of tailored dietary and pharmacologic treatment in non-Hispanic blacks and determining the prevalence of low renin hypertension and salt sensitivity within the various subgroups of Hispanic Americans.
AB - The purpose of this review is to summarize the available information regarding salt sensitivity particularly as it relates to non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics and to clarify possible etiologies, especially those that might shed light on potential treatment options. In non-Hispanic blacks, there is evidence that endothelial dysfunction, reduced potassium intake, decreased urinary kallikrein excretion, upregulation of sodium channel activity, dysfunction in atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) production, and APOL1 gene nephropathy risk variants may cause or contribute to salt sensitivity. Supported treatment avenues include diets high in potassium and soybean protein, the components of which stimulate nitric oxide production. Racial heterogeneity complicates the study of salt sensitivity in Hispanic populations. Caribbean Hispanics, who have a higher proportion of African ancestry, may respond to commonly prescribed anti-hypertensive agents in a way that is characteristic of non-Hispanic black hypertensives. The low-renin hypertensive phenotype commonly seen in non-Hispanic blacks has been linked to salt sensitivity and may indicate an increased risk for salt sensitivity in a portion of the Hispanic population. In conclusion, increased morbidity and mortality associated with salt sensitivity mandates further studies evaluating the efficacy of tailored dietary and pharmacologic treatment in non-Hispanic blacks and determining the prevalence of low renin hypertension and salt sensitivity within the various subgroups of Hispanic Americans.
KW - Atrial natriuretic peptide
KW - Hispanic
KW - hypertension
KW - kallikrein
KW - nitric oxide
KW - non-Hispanic black
KW - potassium salt sensitivity
KW - renal sodium channel
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84875371563&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84875371563&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jash.2013.01.003
DO - 10.1016/j.jash.2013.01.003
M3 - Article
C2 - 23428408
AN - SCOPUS:84875371563
VL - 7
SP - 170
EP - 179
JO - Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
JF - Journal of the American Society of Hypertension
SN - 1933-1711
IS - 2
ER -