Pediatric conditions associated with compromised airway: Part I - Congenital

Epidemiological studies have confirmed that respiratory complications are collectively the leading cause of pediatric anesthetic-related morbidity and mortality. Perioperative pulmonary complications associated with sedation and/or general anesthesia include obstruction, atelectasis, aspiration, pneumonia, bronchitis, laryngospasm, bronchospasm, hypoxemia and respiratory failure. This review discusses congenital conditions characterized by potentially difficult airway management, and proposes treatment considerations to prevent adverse events in these patients. The importance of patient evaluation prior to sedation and general anesthesia is emphasized. Knowledge of normal and abnormal head and neck anatomy and its influence on maintaining airway patency during routine and emergency procedures is necessary in providing safe and high-quality care for young and adolescent patients.