TY - JOUR
T1 - Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas. IV. Effects of n-3 fatty acids, lutein, and zeaxanthin on S-cones and rods in the foveal region
AU - Leung, Ivan Y.F.
AU - Sandstrom, Marita M.
AU - Zucker, Charles L.
AU - Neuringer, Martha
AU - Snodderly, D. Max
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by Roche Vitamins Ltd (now DSM Nutrition), NIH P30 EY03790, NIH DK-29930, NIH RR-00163, Oliver Birckhead and Michael Panitch Research Funds, Dennis L. Gierhart Charitable Gift Fund, Research to Prevent Blindness and The Foundation Fighting Blindness. The authors are grateful to Veronica Chau for preparing serial sections of the retinas; Josephine Gold, Noelle Landauer, Dana Myers, Neal Young and Audrey Trupp for animal care, diet preparation and study coordination; Anne Lewis, DVM, John Fanton, DVM, and Dan Toyooka for assistance with the perfusion procedure; Donald McDonald, Douglas Rosene and Anita Hendrickson for advice on perfusion methods; and Jeremy Nathans and Robert Molday for kindly providing S-cone opsin and rhodopsin antibodies, respectively.
PY - 2005/11
Y1 - 2005/11
N2 - Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophylls selectively accumulated by primate retinas that may protect the macula from age-related macular degeneration. In this project, we manipulated n-3 fatty acids, lutein and/or zeaxanthin levels in the diet and studied their possible outcome on S-cone and rod cell density in the foveal region. Rhesus monkeys (7-16 year, n=17) were fed from birth xanthophyll-free semipurified diets with either adequate or low n-3 fatty acids. Five monkeys were supplemented with lutein and six with zeaxanthin for 6-24 months, while six remained xanthophyll-free until sacrifice. Retinas were embedded in methacrylate and serial 2 μm sections were cut along the vertical meridian. Rod nuclei, and immunolabelled outer segments of S-cones and rods, were reconstructed and counted in an 8 μm strip. The density profiles were compared with data from control monkeys (n=7) fed a standard laboratory diet. S-cone density profiles were symmetrical along the vertical meridian and the densities decreased rapidly with retinal eccentricity. Rod densities were higher in the superior region than the inferior region in most of the control and experimental animals. Unlike the significant effects observed for retinal pigment epithelial cells of these same monkeys (Leung, I.Y-F., Sandstrom, M.M., Zucker, C.L., Neuringer, M., Snodderly, D.M., 2004. Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas. II. Effects of age, n-3 fatty acids, lutein, and zeaxanthin on retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 3244-3256), neither xanthophyll supplementation nor low dietary n-3 fatty acids produced consistent effects on S-cone or rod density profiles of the experimental animals. However, monkeys low in n-3 fatty acids had increased variability of S-cone density in the fovea and low density of foveal rod outer segments. The high variability suggests that the photoreceptors of some animals were resistant to the nutritional manipulations, while others may have been affected. Thus, the photoreceptors appear less sensitive than the retinal pigment epithelium to these nutritional manipulations. However, it is possible that more consistent effects would emerge at a later age or after exposure to stressors such as high light levels.
AB - Lutein and zeaxanthin are xanthophylls selectively accumulated by primate retinas that may protect the macula from age-related macular degeneration. In this project, we manipulated n-3 fatty acids, lutein and/or zeaxanthin levels in the diet and studied their possible outcome on S-cone and rod cell density in the foveal region. Rhesus monkeys (7-16 year, n=17) were fed from birth xanthophyll-free semipurified diets with either adequate or low n-3 fatty acids. Five monkeys were supplemented with lutein and six with zeaxanthin for 6-24 months, while six remained xanthophyll-free until sacrifice. Retinas were embedded in methacrylate and serial 2 μm sections were cut along the vertical meridian. Rod nuclei, and immunolabelled outer segments of S-cones and rods, were reconstructed and counted in an 8 μm strip. The density profiles were compared with data from control monkeys (n=7) fed a standard laboratory diet. S-cone density profiles were symmetrical along the vertical meridian and the densities decreased rapidly with retinal eccentricity. Rod densities were higher in the superior region than the inferior region in most of the control and experimental animals. Unlike the significant effects observed for retinal pigment epithelial cells of these same monkeys (Leung, I.Y-F., Sandstrom, M.M., Zucker, C.L., Neuringer, M., Snodderly, D.M., 2004. Nutritional manipulation of primate retinas. II. Effects of age, n-3 fatty acids, lutein, and zeaxanthin on retinal pigment epithelium. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 45, 3244-3256), neither xanthophyll supplementation nor low dietary n-3 fatty acids produced consistent effects on S-cone or rod density profiles of the experimental animals. However, monkeys low in n-3 fatty acids had increased variability of S-cone density in the fovea and low density of foveal rod outer segments. The high variability suggests that the photoreceptors of some animals were resistant to the nutritional manipulations, while others may have been affected. Thus, the photoreceptors appear less sensitive than the retinal pigment epithelium to these nutritional manipulations. However, it is possible that more consistent effects would emerge at a later age or after exposure to stressors such as high light levels.
KW - Carotenoid
KW - Essential fatty acids
KW - Lutein
KW - Macular pigment
KW - Photoreceptor
KW - Unbiased counting
KW - Xanthophyll
KW - Zeaxanthin
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U2 - 10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.009
DO - 10.1016/j.exer.2005.03.009
M3 - Article
C2 - 15916761
AN - SCOPUS:27444433319
SN - 0014-4835
VL - 81
SP - 513
EP - 529
JO - Experimental Eye Research
JF - Experimental Eye Research
IS - 5
ER -