@inbook{589413d49da84c22af1113366f93674d,
title = "Neuroimmune basis of methamphetamine toxicity",
abstract = "Although it is not known which antigen-specific immune responses (or if antigen-specific immune responses) are relevant or required for methamphetamine's neurotoxic effects, it is apparent that methamphetamine exposure is associated with significant effects on adaptive and innate immunity. Alterations in lymphocyte activity and number, changes in cytokine signaling, impairments in phagocytic functions, and glial activation and gliosis have all been reported. These drug-induced changes in immune response, particularly within the CNS, are now thought to play a critical role in the addiction process for methamphetamine dependence as well as for other substance use disorders. In Section 2, methamphetamine's effects on glial cell (e.g., microglia and astrocytes) activity and inflammatory signaling cascades are summarized, including how alterations in immune cell function can induce the neurotoxic and addictive effects of methamphetamine. Section 2 also describes neurotransmitter involvement in the modulation of methamphetamine's inflammatory effects. Section 3 discusses the very recent use of pharmacological and genetic animal models which have helped elucidate the behavioral effects of methamphetamine's neurotoxic effects and the role of the immune system. Section 4 is focused on the effects of methamphetamine on blood-brain barrier integrity and associated immune consequences. Clinical considerations such as the combined effects of methamphetamine and HIV and/or HCV on brain structure and function are included in Section 4. Finally, in Section 5, immune-based treatment strategies are reviewed, with a focus on vaccine development, neuroimmune therapies, and other anti-inflammatory approaches.",
keywords = "Addiction, Blood-brain barrier, Chemokine, Cytokine, Immunity, Methamphetamine, Neuroinflammation, Psychostimulants",
author = "Loftis, {Jennifer M.} and Aaron Janowsky",
note = "Funding Information: This work was in part supported by National Institutes of Health Grant DA018165 to the Methamphetamine Abuse Research Center (MARC) in Portland, Oregon. This material is the result of work supported with resources and the use of facilities at the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Oregon Health & Science University. Jennifer M. Loftis, Ph.D., and Aaron Janowsky, Ph.D., are Research Scientists at the Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center. The authors would like to thank Jason A. Laramie, Certified Medical Illustrator, for help in preparing Fig. 7.1 . The authors acknowledge Elsevier for the use of Table 7.1 , a version of which was previously published in Pharmacology & Therapeutics (i.e., Loftis and Huckans, 2013 ). ",
year = "2014",
doi = "10.1016/B978-0-12-801284-0.00007-5",
language = "English (US)",
series = "International Review of Neurobiology",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
pages = "165--197",
booktitle = "International Review of Neurobiology",
}