Encephalitis

Encephalitis is an uncommon and disturbing illness whose cause often remains enigmatic despite extensive diagnostic efforts. Clinicians should focus on testing for treatable and common causes; empiric therapy for bacterial meningitis and herpes simplex encephalitis should be started while awaiting results. Many patients will not receive a specific causative diagnosis, and the composition and duration of therapy should be decided in consultation with neurology and infectious disease specialists. Regardless of whether a specific cause is found, supportive care and early referral for rehabilitation maximize functional recovery.