Brevibacterium fuscum protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase. Purification, crystallization, and characterization

A protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase with exceptionally sharp spectral features and a new subunit composition has been purified and crystallized from the Gram-positive organism Brevibacterium fuscum. EPR spectra show that the catalytically essential Fe³⁺ resides in a site of almost the maximal rhombicity (E/D = 0.333 ± 0.003) The spectral line widths (1.4 milliTesla at g = 9.67) are the smallest reported for any biological high spin Fe³⁺ complex and suggest that the enzyme is quite homogeneous in the vicinity of the Fe site. The same conclusion is drawn from Mossbauer spectra measured with enzyme prepared from cells cultured in ⁵⁷Fe-enriched media as well as from resonance Raman and optical spectra. In contrast, EPR and Mossbauer spectra of the anaerobic complex with protocatechuate (PCA) are complex and demonstrate that multiple species with markedly different electronic symmetries and both positive and negative zero field splittings are present. The M(r) = 315,000 enzyme has a composition of (αβFe)₅ (M(r)(α) = 22,500; M(r)(β) = 40,000). Amino acid analysis shows that neither subunit contains cysteine, thus eliminating this amino acid as a possible Fe ligand. The general features of the structure, spectra, and catalyzed reaction of this enzyme appear to be very similar to those of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase isolated from Gram-negative organisms. However, the kinetic parameters (K(m)(PCA) = 125 μm, K(m)(O₂) = 800 μm, turnover number = 25,000 min^-1 at infinite PCA and O₂ concentrations) are 5- to 50-fold higher. The sharp spectra and the kinetic properties facilitate mechanistic studies described in this and the following reports.