@article{4d8e253b89084785b9de82a4fc3a053b,
title = "B cell follicle sanctuary permits persistent productive simian immunodeficiency virus infection in elite controllers",
abstract = "Chronic-phase HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication is reduced by as much as 10,000-fold in elite controllers (ECs) compared with typical progressors (TPs), but sufficient viral replication persists in EC tissues to allow viral sequence evolution and induce excess immune activation. Here we show that productive SIV infection in rhesus monkey ECs, but not TPs, is markedly restricted to CD4 + follicular helper T (T FH) cells, suggesting that these EC monkeys' highly effective SIV-specific CD8 + T cells can effectively clear productive SIV infection from extrafollicular sites, but their relative exclusion from B cell follicles prevents their elimination of productively infected T FH cells. CD8 + lymphocyte depletion in EC monkeys resulted in a dramatic re-distribution of productive SIV infection to non-T FH cells, with restriction of productive infection to T FH cells resuming upon CD8 + T cell recovery. Thus, B cell follicles constitute 'sanctuaries' for persistent SIV replication in the presence of potent anti-viral CD8 + T cell responses, potentially complicating efforts to cure HIV infection with therapeutic vaccination or T cell immunotherapy.",
author = "Yoshinori Fukazawa and Richard Lum and Okoye, {Afam A.} and Haesun Park and Kenta Matsuda and Bae, {Jin Young} and Hagen, {Shoko I.} and Rebecca Shoemaker and Claire Deleage and Carissa Lucero and David Morcock and Tonya Swanson and Legasse, {Alfred W.} and Axthelm, {Michael K.} and Joseph Hesselgesser and Romas Geleziunas and Hirsch, {Vanessa M.} and Edlefsen, {Paul T.} and Michael Piatak and Estes, {Jacob D.} and Lifson, {Jeffrey D.} and Picker, {Louis J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors dedicate this paper to the memory of Michael Piatak, Jr., in recognition of his key enabling contributions to this study and so many others. This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health; grants 5R37A1054292 (L.J.P.), 5U19AI096109 (L.J.P. and A.A.O.), and 8P51OD01109255, contract HHSN261200800001E (R.S., M.P., J.D.E. and J.D.L.) and Intramural Program of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (grant no. 41185; L.J.P.). The authors thank R. Wiseman and D. Watkins for MHC typing; Dr. K. Reimann and the US National Institutes of Health Nonhuman Primate Reagent Resource Program for provision of the CD8α-specific monoclonal antibody M-T807R1; D. Hazuda (Merck Research Labs) for providing cART drugs for cohort 1; Cytheris SA (Issy Les Moulineaux, France) for recombinant rhesus IL-7; S. Hansen for animal study management; A. Sylwester, L. Koo, J. Clock, A. Konfe, H.W. Kim, M. Rohankhedkar, M. Reyes, N. Coombes, B. Assaf, K. Oswald, R. Fast, Y. Li, C. Trubey, J. Turner, S. Planer and L. Boshears for technical or administrative assistance. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved.",
year = "2015",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1038/nm.3781",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "21",
pages = "132--139",
journal = "Nature Medicine",
issn = "1078-8956",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "2",
}