TY - JOUR
T1 - Transferring behavioral technology across applications
AU - Newland, M. Christopher
AU - Pennypacker, H. S.
AU - Anger, W. Kent
AU - Mele, Paul
N1 - Funding Information:
Dr. Anger acknowledges the extensive contributions of Dr. Diane S. Rohlman to the BARS and cTRAIN software, Dr. Craig Kovera to the HSS software, and Dr. O.J. Sizemore to the design of the 9BUTTON unit. Dr. Anger was supported by NIOSH R01 OH04193-01. Dr. Newland acknowledges support by NIEHS R01 ES 10865.
Funding Information:
Recently, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) published guidelines for the unfettered use of research tools developed under federal funding arrangements (grants and contracts) [35] . Research tools encompass materials (e.g., cell lines, laboratory reagents, transgenic species, and monoclonal antibodies), procedures, and information. The intent of the guidelines is to provide access for the research community to technology in the face of increasingly aggressive actions by many organizations to restrict access in order to preserve commercial advantage. Although there was no specific mention of behavioral procedures, behavioral technology could certainly fall within the NIH guidelines.
PY - 2003
Y1 - 2003
N2 - Application flows naturally from good science, and behavioral toxicology is no exception. Phenomena discovered and procedures developed in behavioral laboratories are being applied on a wide scale in commercial, industrial, and governmental settings. In behavioral toxicology, this transfer of technology has occurred in an ad hoc manner, albeit with a degree of sophistication. The development of technology transfer in other disciplines is instructive. A symposium at the May 2001 meeting of the Behavioral Toxicology Society examined this issue, and some participants provide their contributions here. Henry Pennypacker examines the issue of whether behavioral procedures can meet the demanding standards required to transfer technology to commercial endeavors and concludes that, under some conditions, they can. He notes that the shortage of well-developed and transferred behavioral technologies results from a lack of understanding of the process of technology transfer on the part of behavior analysts. In the field of engineering, the results of basic research are transformed to candidate technologies that meet standardized criteria with respect to three properties: quantification, repetition, and verification. Kent Anger describes the challenging steps in the trail from the laboratory to wide-scale application - steps that are essential for the scaling up of any behavioral technique. Finally, Paul Mele describes the legal background to patenting and copyrighting ideas, a process that behaviorists have rarely used. Together, these topics identify the requirements and warn of the challenges and intricacies that await those who seek to transfer behavioral technology beyond the laboratory.
AB - Application flows naturally from good science, and behavioral toxicology is no exception. Phenomena discovered and procedures developed in behavioral laboratories are being applied on a wide scale in commercial, industrial, and governmental settings. In behavioral toxicology, this transfer of technology has occurred in an ad hoc manner, albeit with a degree of sophistication. The development of technology transfer in other disciplines is instructive. A symposium at the May 2001 meeting of the Behavioral Toxicology Society examined this issue, and some participants provide their contributions here. Henry Pennypacker examines the issue of whether behavioral procedures can meet the demanding standards required to transfer technology to commercial endeavors and concludes that, under some conditions, they can. He notes that the shortage of well-developed and transferred behavioral technologies results from a lack of understanding of the process of technology transfer on the part of behavior analysts. In the field of engineering, the results of basic research are transformed to candidate technologies that meet standardized criteria with respect to three properties: quantification, repetition, and verification. Kent Anger describes the challenging steps in the trail from the laboratory to wide-scale application - steps that are essential for the scaling up of any behavioral technique. Finally, Paul Mele describes the legal background to patenting and copyrighting ideas, a process that behaviorists have rarely used. Together, these topics identify the requirements and warn of the challenges and intricacies that await those who seek to transfer behavioral technology beyond the laboratory.
KW - Applications
KW - Behavioral technology
KW - Transfer
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U2 - 10.1016/S0892-0362(03)00036-9
DO - 10.1016/S0892-0362(03)00036-9
M3 - Article
C2 - 12972066
AN - SCOPUS:0041333161
SN - 0892-0362
VL - 25
SP - 529
EP - 542
JO - Neurotoxicology and Teratology
JF - Neurotoxicology and Teratology
IS - 5
ER -