TY - JOUR
T1 - The thyroid hormone receptor β-specific agonist GC-1 selectively affects the bone development of hypothyroid rats
AU - Freitas, Fatima R.S.
AU - Capelo, Luciane P.
AU - O'Shea, Patrick J.
AU - Jorgetti, Vanda
AU - Moriscot, Anselmo S.
AU - Scanlan, Thomas S.
AU - Williams, Graham R.
AU - Zorn, Telma M.T.
AU - Gouveia, Cecilia H.A.
N1 - Copyright:
Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2005/2
Y1 - 2005/2
N2 - We investigated the effects of GC-1, a TRβ-selective thyromimetic, on bone development of hypothyroid rats. Whereas T3 reverted the IGF-I deficiency and the skeletal defects caused by hypothyroidism, GC-1 had no effect on serum IGF-I or on IGF-I protein expression in the epiphyseal growth plate of the femur, but induced selective effects on bone development. Our findings indicate that T3 exerts some essential effects on bone development that are mediated by TRβ1. Introduction: We investigated the role of the thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ1) on skeletal development of rats using the TRβ-selective agonist GC-1. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one-day-old female rats (n = 6/group) were rendered hypothyroid (Hypo) and treated for 5 weeks with 0.3 ug/100 g BW/day of T3 (1xT3), 5xT3, or equimolar doses of GC-1 (1xGC-1 and 5xGC-1). Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). BMD and longitudinal bone growth were determined by DXA. Trabecular bone histomorphometry and epiphyseal growth plate (EGP) morphometry were performed in the distal femur. Expressions of IGF-I protein and of collagen II and X mRNA were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. To determine hormonal effects on ossification, skeletal preparations of hypothyroid-, 5xGC-1-, and 5xT3-treated neonatal rats were compared. Results: Hypothyroidism impaired longitudinal body growth and BMD gain, delayed ossification, reduced the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs; 72% versus Euthyroid [Eut] rats; p < 0.001), and resulted in disorganized columns of EGP chondrocytes. Serum IGF-I was 67% reduced versus Eut rats (p < 0.001), and the expression of IGF-I protein and collagen II and X mRNA were undetectable in the EGP of Hypo rats. T3 completely or partially normalized all these parameters. In contrast, GC-1 did not influence serum concentrations or EGP expression of IGF-I, failed to reverse the disorganization of proliferating chondrocyte columns, and barely affected longitudinal growth. Nevertheless, GC-1 induced ossification, HC differentiation, and collagen II and X mRNA expression and increased EGP thickness to Eut values. GC-1-treated rats had higher BMD gain in the total tibia, total femur, and in the femoral diaphysis than Hypo animals (p < 0.05). These changes were associated with increased trabecular volume (48%, p < 0.01), mineralization apposition rate (2.3-fold, p < 0.05), mineralizing surface (4.3-fold, p < 0.01), and bone formation rate (10-fold, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Treatment of hypothyroid rats with the TRβ-specific agonist GC-1 partially reverts the skeletal development and maturation defects resultant of hypothyroidism. This finding suggests that TRβ1 has an important role in bone development.
AB - We investigated the effects of GC-1, a TRβ-selective thyromimetic, on bone development of hypothyroid rats. Whereas T3 reverted the IGF-I deficiency and the skeletal defects caused by hypothyroidism, GC-1 had no effect on serum IGF-I or on IGF-I protein expression in the epiphyseal growth plate of the femur, but induced selective effects on bone development. Our findings indicate that T3 exerts some essential effects on bone development that are mediated by TRβ1. Introduction: We investigated the role of the thyroid hormone receptor β1 (TRβ1) on skeletal development of rats using the TRβ-selective agonist GC-1. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one-day-old female rats (n = 6/group) were rendered hypothyroid (Hypo) and treated for 5 weeks with 0.3 ug/100 g BW/day of T3 (1xT3), 5xT3, or equimolar doses of GC-1 (1xGC-1 and 5xGC-1). Serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). BMD and longitudinal bone growth were determined by DXA. Trabecular bone histomorphometry and epiphyseal growth plate (EGP) morphometry were performed in the distal femur. Expressions of IGF-I protein and of collagen II and X mRNA were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, respectively. To determine hormonal effects on ossification, skeletal preparations of hypothyroid-, 5xGC-1-, and 5xT3-treated neonatal rats were compared. Results: Hypothyroidism impaired longitudinal body growth and BMD gain, delayed ossification, reduced the number of hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs; 72% versus Euthyroid [Eut] rats; p < 0.001), and resulted in disorganized columns of EGP chondrocytes. Serum IGF-I was 67% reduced versus Eut rats (p < 0.001), and the expression of IGF-I protein and collagen II and X mRNA were undetectable in the EGP of Hypo rats. T3 completely or partially normalized all these parameters. In contrast, GC-1 did not influence serum concentrations or EGP expression of IGF-I, failed to reverse the disorganization of proliferating chondrocyte columns, and barely affected longitudinal growth. Nevertheless, GC-1 induced ossification, HC differentiation, and collagen II and X mRNA expression and increased EGP thickness to Eut values. GC-1-treated rats had higher BMD gain in the total tibia, total femur, and in the femoral diaphysis than Hypo animals (p < 0.05). These changes were associated with increased trabecular volume (48%, p < 0.01), mineralization apposition rate (2.3-fold, p < 0.05), mineralizing surface (4.3-fold, p < 0.01), and bone formation rate (10-fold, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Treatment of hypothyroid rats with the TRβ-specific agonist GC-1 partially reverts the skeletal development and maturation defects resultant of hypothyroidism. This finding suggests that TRβ1 has an important role in bone development.
KW - Bone development
KW - Bone mass
KW - Endochondral ossification
KW - Growth plate chondrocytes
KW - Thyroid receptors
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=12544252448&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=12544252448&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1359/JBMR.041116
DO - 10.1359/JBMR.041116
M3 - Article
C2 - 15647824
AN - SCOPUS:12544252448
SN - 0884-0431
VL - 20
SP - 294
EP - 304
JO - Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
JF - Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
IS - 2
ER -