The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei

Matthew Berriman; Elodie Ghedin; Christiane Hertz-Fowler; Gaëlle Blandin; Hubert Renauld; Daniella C. Bartholomeu; Nicola J. Lennard; Elisabet Caler; Nancy E. Hamlin; Brian Haas; Ulrike Böhme; Linda Hannick; Martin A. Aslett; Joshua Shallom; Lucio Marcello; Lihua Hou; Bill Wickstead; U. Cecilia M. Alsmark; Claire Arrowsmith; Rebecca J. Atkin; Andrew J. Barron; Frederic Bringaud; Karen Brooks; Mark Carrington; Inna Cherevach; Tracey Jane Chillingworth; Carol Churcher; Louise N. Clark; Craig H. Corton; Ann Cronin; Rob M. Davies; Jonathon Doggett; Appolinaire Djikeng; Tamara Feldblyum; Mark C. Field; Audrey Fraser; Ian Goodhead; Zahra Hance; David Harper; Barbara R. Harris; Heidi Hauser; Jessica Hostetler; Al Ivens; Kay Jagels; David Johnson; Justin Johnson; Kristine Jones; Arnaud X. Kerhornou; Hean Koo; Natasha Larke; Scott Landfear; Christopher Larkin; Vanessa Leech; Alexandra Line; Angela Lord; Annette MacLeod; Paul J. Mooney; Sharon Moule; David M.A. Martin; Gareth W. Morgan; Karen Mungall; Halina Norbertczak; Doug Ormond; Grace Pai; Chris S. Peacock; Jeremy Peterson; Michael A. Quail; Ester Rabbinowitsch; Marie Adele Rajandream; Chris Reitter; Steven L. Salzberg; Mandy Sanders; Seth Schobel; Sarah Sharp; Mark Simmonds; Anjana J. Simpson; Luke Tallon; C. Michael R. Turner; Andrew Tait; Adrian R. Tivey; Susan Van Aken; Danielle Walker; David Wanless; Shiliang Wang; Brian White; Owen White; Sally Whitehead; John Woodward; Jennifer Wortman; Mark D. Adams; T. Martin Embley; Keith Gull; Elisabetta Ullu; J. David Barry; Alan H. Fairlamb; Fred Opperdoes; Barclay G. Barrell; John E. Donelson; Neil Hall; Claire M. Fraser; Sara E. Melville; Najib M. El-Sayed

doi:10.1126/science.1112642

The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei

Matthew Berriman, Elodie Ghedin, Christiane Hertz-Fowler, Gaëlle Blandin, Hubert Renauld, Daniella C. Bartholomeu, Nicola J. Lennard, Elisabet Caler, Nancy E. Hamlin, Brian Haas, Ulrike Böhme, Linda Hannick, Martin A. Aslett, Joshua Shallom, Lucio Marcello, Lihua Hou, Bill Wickstead, U. Cecilia M. Alsmark, Claire Arrowsmith, Rebecca J. AtkinAndrew J. Barron, Frederic Bringaud, Karen Brooks, Mark Carrington, Inna Cherevach, Tracey Jane Chillingworth, Carol Churcher, Louise N. Clark, Craig H. Corton, Ann Cronin, Rob M. Davies, Jonathon Doggett, Appolinaire Djikeng, Tamara Feldblyum, Mark C. Field, Audrey Fraser, Ian Goodhead, Zahra Hance, David Harper, Barbara R. Harris, Heidi Hauser, Jessica Hostetler, Al Ivens, Kay Jagels, David Johnson, Justin Johnson, Kristine Jones, Arnaud X. Kerhornou, Hean Koo, Natasha Larke, Scott Landfear, Christopher Larkin, Vanessa Leech, Alexandra Line, Angela Lord, Annette MacLeod, Paul J. Mooney, Sharon Moule, David M.A. Martin, Gareth W. Morgan, Karen Mungall, Halina Norbertczak, Doug Ormond, Grace Pai, Chris S. Peacock, Jeremy Peterson, Michael A. Quail, Ester Rabbinowitsch, Marie Adele Rajandream, Chris Reitter, Steven L. Salzberg, Mandy Sanders, Seth Schobel, Sarah Sharp, Mark Simmonds, Anjana J. Simpson, Luke Tallon, C. Michael R. Turner, Andrew Tait, Adrian R. Tivey, Susan Van Aken, Danielle Walker, David Wanless, Shiliang Wang, Brian White, Owen White, Sally Whitehead, John Woodward, Jennifer Wortman, Mark D. Adams, T. Martin Embley, Keith Gull, Elisabetta Ullu, J. David Barry, Alan H. Fairlamb, Fred Opperdoes, Barclay G. Barrell, John E. Donelson, Neil Hall, Claire M. Fraser, Sara E. Melville, Najib M. El-Sayed

Molecular Microbiology and Immunology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1365 Scopus citations

Abstract

African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabasesized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including ∼900 pseudogenes and ∼1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	416-422
Number of pages	7
Journal	Science
Volume	309
Issue number	5733
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112642
State	Published - Jul 15 2005

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Berriman, M., Ghedin, E., Hertz-Fowler, C., Blandin, G., Renauld, H., Bartholomeu, D. C., Lennard, N. J., Caler, E., Hamlin, N. E., Haas, B., Böhme, U., Hannick, L., Aslett, M. A., Shallom, J., Marcello, L., Hou, L., Wickstead, B., Alsmark, U. C. M., Arrowsmith, C., ... El-Sayed, N. M. (2005). The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei. Science, 309(5733), 416-422. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112642

Berriman, M, Ghedin, E, Hertz-Fowler, C, Blandin, G, Renauld, H, Bartholomeu, DC, Lennard, NJ, Caler, E, Hamlin, NE, Haas, B, Böhme, U, Hannick, L, Aslett, MA, Shallom, J, Marcello, L, Hou, L, Wickstead, B, Alsmark, UCM, Arrowsmith, C, Atkin, RJ, Barron, AJ, Bringaud, F, Brooks, K, Carrington, M, Cherevach, I, Chillingworth, TJ, Churcher, C, Clark, LN, Corton, CH, Cronin, A, Davies, RM, Doggett, J, Djikeng, A, Feldblyum, T, Field, MC, Fraser, A, Goodhead, I, Hance, Z, Harper, D, Harris, BR, Hauser, H, Hostetler, J, Ivens, A, Jagels, K, Johnson, D, Johnson, J, Jones, K, Kerhornou, AX, Koo, H, Larke, N, Landfear, S, Larkin, C, Leech, V, Line, A, Lord, A, MacLeod, A, Mooney, PJ, Moule, S, Martin, DMA, Morgan, GW, Mungall, K, Norbertczak, H, Ormond, D, Pai, G, Peacock, CS, Peterson, J, Quail, MA, Rabbinowitsch, E, Rajandream, MA, Reitter, C, Salzberg, SL, Sanders, M, Schobel, S, Sharp, S, Simmonds, M, Simpson, AJ, Tallon, L, Turner, CMR, Tait, A, Tivey, AR, Van Aken, S, Walker, D, Wanless, D, Wang, S, White, B, White, O, Whitehead, S, Woodward, J, Wortman, J, Adams, MD, Embley, TM, Gull, K, Ullu, E, Barry, JD, Fairlamb, AH, Opperdoes, F, Barrell, BG, Donelson, JE, Hall, N, Fraser, CM, Melville, SE & El-Sayed, NM 2005, 'The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei', Science, vol. 309, no. 5733, pp. 416-422. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112642

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title = "The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei",

abstract = "African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabasesized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including ∼900 pseudogenes and ∼1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.",

author = "Matthew Berriman and Elodie Ghedin and Christiane Hertz-Fowler and Ga{\"e}lle Blandin and Hubert Renauld and Bartholomeu, {Daniella C.} and Lennard, {Nicola J.} and Elisabet Caler and Hamlin, {Nancy E.} and Brian Haas and Ulrike B{\"o}hme and Linda Hannick and Aslett, {Martin A.} and Joshua Shallom and Lucio Marcello and Lihua Hou and Bill Wickstead and Alsmark, {U. Cecilia M.} and Claire Arrowsmith and Atkin, {Rebecca J.} and Barron, {Andrew J.} and Frederic Bringaud and Karen Brooks and Mark Carrington and Inna Cherevach and Chillingworth, {Tracey Jane} and Carol Churcher and Clark, {Louise N.} and Corton, {Craig H.} and Ann Cronin and Davies, {Rob M.} and Jonathon Doggett and Appolinaire Djikeng and Tamara Feldblyum and Field, {Mark C.} and Audrey Fraser and Ian Goodhead and Zahra Hance and David Harper and Harris, {Barbara R.} and Heidi Hauser and Jessica Hostetler and Al Ivens and Kay Jagels and David Johnson and Justin Johnson and Kristine Jones and Kerhornou, {Arnaud X.} and Hean Koo and Natasha Larke and Scott Landfear and Christopher Larkin and Vanessa Leech and Alexandra Line and Angela Lord and Annette MacLeod and Mooney, {Paul J.} and Sharon Moule and Martin, {David M.A.} and Morgan, {Gareth W.} and Karen Mungall and Halina Norbertczak and Doug Ormond and Grace Pai and Peacock, {Chris S.} and Jeremy Peterson and Quail, {Michael A.} and Ester Rabbinowitsch and Rajandream, {Marie Adele} and Chris Reitter and Salzberg, {Steven L.} and Mandy Sanders and Seth Schobel and Sarah Sharp and Mark Simmonds and Simpson, {Anjana J.} and Luke Tallon and Turner, {C. Michael R.} and Andrew Tait and Tivey, {Adrian R.} and {Van Aken}, Susan and Danielle Walker and David Wanless and Shiliang Wang and Brian White and Owen White and Sally Whitehead and John Woodward and Jennifer Wortman and Adams, {Mark D.} and Embley, {T. Martin} and Keith Gull and Elisabetta Ullu and Barry, {J. David} and Fairlamb, {Alan H.} and Fred Opperdoes and Barrell, {Barclay G.} and Donelson, {John E.} and Neil Hall and Fraser, {Claire M.} and Melville, {Sara E.} and El-Sayed, {Najib M.}",

year = "2005",

month = jul,

day = "15",

doi = "10.1126/science.1112642",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "309",

pages = "416--422",

journal = "Science",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei

AU - Berriman, Matthew

AU - Ghedin, Elodie

AU - Hertz-Fowler, Christiane

AU - Blandin, Gaëlle

AU - Renauld, Hubert

AU - Bartholomeu, Daniella C.

AU - Lennard, Nicola J.

AU - Caler, Elisabet

AU - Hamlin, Nancy E.

AU - Haas, Brian

AU - Böhme, Ulrike

AU - Hannick, Linda

AU - Aslett, Martin A.

AU - Shallom, Joshua

AU - Marcello, Lucio

AU - Hou, Lihua

AU - Wickstead, Bill

AU - Alsmark, U. Cecilia M.

AU - Arrowsmith, Claire

AU - Atkin, Rebecca J.

AU - Barron, Andrew J.

AU - Bringaud, Frederic

AU - Brooks, Karen

AU - Carrington, Mark

AU - Cherevach, Inna

AU - Chillingworth, Tracey Jane

AU - Churcher, Carol

AU - Clark, Louise N.

AU - Corton, Craig H.

AU - Cronin, Ann

AU - Davies, Rob M.

AU - Doggett, Jonathon

AU - Djikeng, Appolinaire

AU - Feldblyum, Tamara

AU - Field, Mark C.

AU - Fraser, Audrey

AU - Goodhead, Ian

AU - Hance, Zahra

AU - Harper, David

AU - Harris, Barbara R.

AU - Hauser, Heidi

AU - Hostetler, Jessica

AU - Ivens, Al

AU - Jagels, Kay

AU - Johnson, David

AU - Johnson, Justin

AU - Jones, Kristine

AU - Kerhornou, Arnaud X.

AU - Koo, Hean

AU - Larke, Natasha

AU - Landfear, Scott

AU - Larkin, Christopher

AU - Leech, Vanessa

AU - Line, Alexandra

AU - Lord, Angela

AU - MacLeod, Annette

AU - Mooney, Paul J.

AU - Moule, Sharon

AU - Martin, David M.A.

AU - Morgan, Gareth W.

AU - Mungall, Karen

AU - Norbertczak, Halina

AU - Ormond, Doug

AU - Pai, Grace

AU - Peacock, Chris S.

AU - Peterson, Jeremy

AU - Quail, Michael A.

AU - Rabbinowitsch, Ester

AU - Rajandream, Marie Adele

AU - Reitter, Chris

AU - Salzberg, Steven L.

AU - Sanders, Mandy

AU - Schobel, Seth

AU - Sharp, Sarah

AU - Simmonds, Mark

AU - Simpson, Anjana J.

AU - Tallon, Luke

AU - Turner, C. Michael R.

AU - Tait, Andrew

AU - Tivey, Adrian R.

AU - Van Aken, Susan

AU - Walker, Danielle

AU - Wanless, David

AU - Wang, Shiliang

AU - White, Brian

AU - White, Owen

AU - Whitehead, Sally

AU - Woodward, John

AU - Wortman, Jennifer

AU - Adams, Mark D.

AU - Embley, T. Martin

AU - Gull, Keith

AU - Ullu, Elisabetta

AU - Barry, J. David

AU - Fairlamb, Alan H.

AU - Opperdoes, Fred

AU - Barrell, Barclay G.

AU - Donelson, John E.

AU - Hall, Neil

AU - Fraser, Claire M.

AU - Melville, Sara E.

AU - El-Sayed, Najib M.

PY - 2005/7/15

Y1 - 2005/7/15

N2 - African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabasesized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including ∼900 pseudogenes and ∼1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.

AB - African trypanosomes cause human sleeping sickness and livestock trypanosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. We present the sequence and analysis of the 11 megabasesized chromosomes of Trypanosoma brucei. The 26-megabase genome contains 9068 predicted genes, including ∼900 pseudogenes and ∼1700 T. brucei-specific genes. Large subtelomeric arrays contain an archive of 806 variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) genes used by the parasite to evade the mammalian immune system. Most VSG genes are pseudogenes, which may be used to generate expressed mosaic genes by ectopic recombination. Comparisons of the cytoskeleton and endocytic trafficking systems with those of humans and other eukaryotic organisms reveal major differences. A comparison of metabolic pathways encoded by the genomes of T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Leishmania major reveals the least overall metabolic capability in T. brucei and the greatest in L. major. Horizontal transfer of genes of bacterial origin has contributed to some of the metabolic differences in these parasites, and a number of novel potential drug targets have been identified.

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U2 - 10.1126/science.1112642

DO - 10.1126/science.1112642

M3 - Article

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AN - SCOPUS:22244441812

SN - 0036-8075

VL - 309

SP - 416

EP - 422

JO - Science

JF - Science

IS - 5733

ER -

The genome of the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei

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