The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD

Michelle M. Martel; Molly Nikolas; Katherine Jernigan; Karen Friderici; Irwin Waldman; Joel T. Nigg

doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9439-5

The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD

Michelle M. Martel, Molly Nikolas, Katherine Jernigan, Karen Friderici, Irwin Waldman, Joel T. Nigg

Psychiatry

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

54 Scopus citations

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prime candidate for exploration of gene-by-environment interaction (i.e., G x E), particularly in relation to dopamine system genes, due to strong evidence that dopamine systems are dysregulated in the disorder. Using a G x E design, we examined whether the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat polymorphism, previously associated with ADHD, moderated the effects of inconsistent parenting and marital conflict on ADHD or Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD). Participants were 548 children with ADHD and non-ADHD comparison children and their parents. Homozygosity for the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat insertion allele increased vulnerability for ADHD and ODD only in the presence of inconsistent parenting and appeared to increase susceptibility to the influence of increased child self-blame for marital conflict on ADHD inattention. DRD4 genotypes may interact with these proximal family environmental risk factors by increasing the individual's responsivity to environmental contingencies.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	1-10
Number of pages	10
Journal	Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
Volume	39
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-010-9439-5
State	Published - Jan 2011

Keywords

ADHD
Attention
Environmental effects
Genetics

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Developmental and Educational Psychology
Psychiatry and Mental health

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10.1007/s10802-010-9439-5

Cite this

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title = "The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD",

abstract = "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prime candidate for exploration of gene-by-environment interaction (i.e., G x E), particularly in relation to dopamine system genes, due to strong evidence that dopamine systems are dysregulated in the disorder. Using a G x E design, we examined whether the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat polymorphism, previously associated with ADHD, moderated the effects of inconsistent parenting and marital conflict on ADHD or Oppositional-Defiant Disorder (ODD). Participants were 548 children with ADHD and non-ADHD comparison children and their parents. Homozygosity for the DRD4 promoter 120-bp tandem repeat insertion allele increased vulnerability for ADHD and ODD only in the presence of inconsistent parenting and appeared to increase susceptibility to the influence of increased child self-blame for marital conflict on ADHD inattention. DRD4 genotypes may interact with these proximal family environmental risk factors by increasing the individual's responsivity to environmental contingencies.",

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note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements This research was supported by NIH National Institute of Mental Health Grants R01-MH63146, MH59105, and MH70542. We are indebted to the families and staff who made this study possible.",

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AU - Waldman, Irwin

AU - Nigg, Joel T.

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The dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) moderates family environmental effects on ADHD

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Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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