Abstract
Glyceraldehyde (GA) has been used to study insulin secretion for decades and it is widely assumed that β-cell metabolism of GA after its phosphorylation by triokinase is similar to metabolism of glucose; that is metabolism through distal glycolysis and oxidation in mitochondria. New data supported by existing information indicate that this is true for only a small amount of GA's metabolism and also suggest why GA is toxic. GA is metabolized at 10-20% the rate of glucose in pancreatic islets, even though GA is a more potent insulin secretagogue. GA also inhibits glucose metabolism to CO 2 out of proportion to its ability to replace glucose as a fuel. This study is the first to measure methylglyoxal (MG) in β-cells and shows that GA causes large increases in MG in INS-1 cells and d-lactate in islets but MG does not mediate GA-induced insulin release. GA severely lowers NAD(P) and increases NAD(P)H in islets. High NADH combined with GA's metabolism to CO 2 may initially hyperstimulate insulin release, but a low cytosolic NAD/NADH ratio will block glycolysis at glyceraldehyde phosphate (GAP) dehydrogenase and divert GAP toward MG and d-lactate formation. Accumulation of d-lactate and 1-phosphoglycerate may explain why GA makes the β-cell acidic. Reduction of both GA and MG by abundant β-cell aldehyde reductases will lower the cytosolic NADPH/NADP ratio, which is normally high.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 118-126 |
Number of pages | 9 |
Journal | Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics |
Volume | 447 |
Issue number | 2 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Mar 15 2006 |
Externally published | Yes |
Keywords
- Aldehyde reductase
- D-Lactate
- Glyceraldehyde
- Glyceraldehyde metabolism
- Glyoxalase
- Methylglyoxal
- NAD(P)/NAD(P)H ratio
- Pancreatic islet β-cell
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biophysics
- Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology