Social determinants of health, workforce diversity, and financial toxicity: A review of disparities in cancer care

Disparities in cancer care and outcomes between racial and ethnic groups, urban and rural populations, and socioeconomic classes are well documented and represent one of the greatest forms of injustice throughout the United States. Despite the development of increasingly efficacious treatments, survival disparities have widened over time, with known impacts based on both medical factors and social determinants of health including education, neighborhood, factors, and access to care, among others. In this review, we discuss current state of inequities in access to cancer services, treatment-related financial toxicity, and disparities within the oncology workforce, all of which significantly impact the ability of clinicians to provide high quality, equitable, and guideline-compliant care for all people with cancer.