TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Infection Among Vietnam Era Veterans Versus Nonveterans
T2 - Results from the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study (CHeCS)
AU - Boscarino, Joseph A.
AU - Sitarik, Alexandra
AU - Gordon, Stuart C.
AU - Rupp, Loralee B.
AU - Nerenz, David R.
AU - Vijayadeva, Vinutha
AU - Schmidt, Mark A.
AU - Henkle, Emily
AU - Lu, Mei
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments CHeCS is funded by the CDC Foundation, which currently receives grants from AbbVie, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and Vertex Pharmaceuticals. Past funders include Genen-tech, a Member of the Roche Group. Current and past partial funders include Gilead Sciences and Bristol-Myers Squibb. Granting corporations did not have access to the CHeCS data and did not contribute to data analysis or writting of the manuscripts.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
PY - 2014/9/17
Y1 - 2014/9/17
N2 - Research suggests that Vietnam era veterans have a higher prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) than other veterans and nonveterans. However, the reasons for this are unclear, since this research has been conducted among Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients and most veterans do not use the VA. The current study compares HCV risk factors between the Vietnam era veterans and nonveterans seen in 4 large non-VA systems to explain this disparity. A total of 4,636 HCV patients completed surveys in 2011–2012. Vietnam era veterans were defined as those who served in the military any time between 1964 and 1975. Bivariate tests followed by logistic regressions, and multivariable modeling were conducted to study risk factors among Vietnam era veterans and nonveterans. Since few veterans were female (~2 %), they were excluded. Among male respondents (N = 2,638), 22.5 % were classified as Vietnam era veterans. Compared to nonveterans, these patients were older (p < 0.001), more educated (p < 0.001), less often foreign born (p = 0.009), more often married (p < 0.001), less often employed, and less likely to have a history of drug abuse treatment (p < 0.001). Comparison of specific risk factor differences for HCV infection by veteran status suggested that while injection drug use approached statistical significance (nonveterans = 46.1 % vs. Vietnam era veterans = 41.4 %, p = 0.06), only reported sex with men was significant (nonveterans = 2.4 % vs. Vietnam era veterans = 0.6 %, p = 0.013). In multivariate logistic regression controlling for age, education, country of birth, marital status and study site, no HCV risk factor was associated with Vietnam era veteran status. However, veterans were more likely to report “other” exposures were the source of infection than nonveterans (p < 0.001). While Vietnam era veterans seen in non-VA facilities do not report a higher prevalence of common HCV risk factors, such as injection drug use, they are more likely to report “other” exposures, typically associated with military service, as the source of HCV infection.
AB - Research suggests that Vietnam era veterans have a higher prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) than other veterans and nonveterans. However, the reasons for this are unclear, since this research has been conducted among Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) patients and most veterans do not use the VA. The current study compares HCV risk factors between the Vietnam era veterans and nonveterans seen in 4 large non-VA systems to explain this disparity. A total of 4,636 HCV patients completed surveys in 2011–2012. Vietnam era veterans were defined as those who served in the military any time between 1964 and 1975. Bivariate tests followed by logistic regressions, and multivariable modeling were conducted to study risk factors among Vietnam era veterans and nonveterans. Since few veterans were female (~2 %), they were excluded. Among male respondents (N = 2,638), 22.5 % were classified as Vietnam era veterans. Compared to nonveterans, these patients were older (p < 0.001), more educated (p < 0.001), less often foreign born (p = 0.009), more often married (p < 0.001), less often employed, and less likely to have a history of drug abuse treatment (p < 0.001). Comparison of specific risk factor differences for HCV infection by veteran status suggested that while injection drug use approached statistical significance (nonveterans = 46.1 % vs. Vietnam era veterans = 41.4 %, p = 0.06), only reported sex with men was significant (nonveterans = 2.4 % vs. Vietnam era veterans = 0.6 %, p = 0.013). In multivariate logistic regression controlling for age, education, country of birth, marital status and study site, no HCV risk factor was associated with Vietnam era veteran status. However, veterans were more likely to report “other” exposures were the source of infection than nonveterans (p < 0.001). While Vietnam era veterans seen in non-VA facilities do not report a higher prevalence of common HCV risk factors, such as injection drug use, they are more likely to report “other” exposures, typically associated with military service, as the source of HCV infection.
KW - Cohort study
KW - Hepatitis C
KW - Injection drug use
KW - Risk factors
KW - Veterans
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U2 - 10.1007/s10900-014-9863-5
DO - 10.1007/s10900-014-9863-5
M3 - Article
C2 - 24682941
AN - SCOPUS:84918777482
SN - 0094-5145
VL - 39
SP - 914
EP - 921
JO - Journal of Community Health
JF - Journal of Community Health
IS - 5
ER -