Radiation medicine innovations for the new millenium

Purpose of the Study: To review technological advances in the field of radiation oncology in the management of benign and malignant diseases. Basic Procedures: We reviewed major advances in the field of radiation oncology in the past decade with special emphasis on reduction of treatment related toxicities, and technological improvements in planning and delivery of radiation. Modalities reviewed include computerized three-dimensional conformal treatment planning, stereotactic radiosurgery, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, ultrasound-guided transperineal permanent brachytherapy of the prostate, and high-dose rate brachytherapy. Main Findings: There have been major technological advances as evidenced by a decrease in treatment-related toxicities and better target definition resulting in higher local control rates. Principal Conclusions: Significant improvements in technique and equipment have firmly positioned radiotherapy as major artillery in the fight against both benign and malignant diseases.