Predictors of hemorrhage after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy

Objectives: To identify risk factors associated with hemorrhage during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN), and to determine the impact of hemorrhage on hospital course. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed prospective data from 335 LPNs to identify clinicopathologic factors associated with hemorrhagic complications (blood loss requiring < 1 U transfusion) and extended length of hospitalization (< 3 days). We excluded patients with a coagulopathy or perioperative vascular injuries. Results: We identified 23 patients (7%) undergoing LPN with hemorrhagic complications (group 1 and 312 patients (93%) without complications (group 2). Mean age was 64.1 ± 14.4 vs 57.6 ± 12.7(P = .006), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score < 3 seen in 61% vs 37% (P = .02), mean tumor size (cm) was 2.90 ± 2.02 vs 2.59 ± 1.15 (P = .93), mean total operative time (min) was 250.1 ± 116.1 vs 191.8 ± 69.2 (P = 0.006), and mean hospital stay (days) was 4.7 ± 3.4 vs 3.1 ± 3.0 (P = .0002), for groups 1 and 2, respectively. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency, obesity, smoking, and coronary artery diseasecongestive heart failure were present in group 1 vs group 2: 39.1% vs 31.4% (P = .4), 17.4% vs 8% (P = .12), 8.7% vs 1.9% (P = .09), 4.3% vs 3.5% (P = .57), 17.4% vs 5.4% (P = .04), and 8.7% vs 2.2% (P = .11), respectively. On multivariate analysis, smoking (P < .0437) and ASA score < 3 (P < .0233) were associated with hemorrhagic complications. Hemorrhagic complications were 3.5 times more likely in smokers than nonsmokers (95% confidence interval, 1.0-11.7), and 2.9 times more likely with an ASA class < 3. Only age (P < .0002) and operative time (P < .0001) were associated with longer hospitalization. Conclusions: High ASA scores and smoking are risk factors for hemorrhagic complications during LPN. Hemorrhagic complications did not significantly affect hospitalization length.