TY - JOUR
T1 - Opposite movement of the external gate of a glutamate transporter homolog upon binding cotransported sodium compared with substrate
AU - Focke, Paul J.
AU - Moenne-Loccoz, Pierre
AU - Larsson, H. Peter
PY - 2011/4/20
Y1 - 2011/4/20
N2 - Recently, a new model for glutamate uptake by glutamate transporters was proposed based on crystal structures of the bacterial glutamate transporter homolog GltPh.It was proposed that hairpin two (HP2) functions as the extra cellular gate and that Na + and glutamate binding closes HP2, thereby allowing for the translocation of the glutamate binding pocket across the membrane. However, the conformation of HP2 in the apo state and the Na + bound state is unknown. We here use double site-directed spin-labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on the bacterial transporter GltPh from Pyrococcus horikoshi to examine conformational changes in HP2. Surprisingly, the cotransported substrates Na + and as partate induce opposite movements of HP2. We find that in the apo state, HP2 is in a similar conformation as in the as partate-bound closed state. Na + binding to the apo state opens HP2, whereas the subsequent binding of as partate closes HP2. Our findings show that Na + binding opens and stabilizes the extra cellular gate, thereby allowing for amino acid substrate binding. In contrast, in the absence of Na + and as partate, HP2 closes, suggesting a potential mechanism for the translocation of the empty binding pocket necessary to complete the transport cycle. The finding that physiological Na + concentrations stabilize the open HP2 state would ensure that the outward-facing conformation of the transporter is maintained in physiological solutions and that glutamate transporters are ready to quickly bind glutamate released from glutamatergic synapses.
AB - Recently, a new model for glutamate uptake by glutamate transporters was proposed based on crystal structures of the bacterial glutamate transporter homolog GltPh.It was proposed that hairpin two (HP2) functions as the extra cellular gate and that Na + and glutamate binding closes HP2, thereby allowing for the translocation of the glutamate binding pocket across the membrane. However, the conformation of HP2 in the apo state and the Na + bound state is unknown. We here use double site-directed spin-labeling electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy on the bacterial transporter GltPh from Pyrococcus horikoshi to examine conformational changes in HP2. Surprisingly, the cotransported substrates Na + and as partate induce opposite movements of HP2. We find that in the apo state, HP2 is in a similar conformation as in the as partate-bound closed state. Na + binding to the apo state opens HP2, whereas the subsequent binding of as partate closes HP2. Our findings show that Na + binding opens and stabilizes the extra cellular gate, thereby allowing for amino acid substrate binding. In contrast, in the absence of Na + and as partate, HP2 closes, suggesting a potential mechanism for the translocation of the empty binding pocket necessary to complete the transport cycle. The finding that physiological Na + concentrations stabilize the open HP2 state would ensure that the outward-facing conformation of the transporter is maintained in physiological solutions and that glutamate transporters are ready to quickly bind glutamate released from glutamatergic synapses.
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U2 - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6096-10.2011
DO - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6096-10.2011
M3 - Article
C2 - 21508248
AN - SCOPUS:79955780433
SN - 0270-6474
VL - 31
SP - 6255
EP - 6262
JO - Journal of Neuroscience
JF - Journal of Neuroscience
IS - 16
ER -