@article{2af94d4aab444309acbb9e8c2f60e60f,
title = "Mice lacking dopamine D4 receptors are supersensitive to ethanol, cocaine, and methamphetamine",
abstract = "The human dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) has received considerable attention because of its high affinity for the atypical antipsychotic clozapine and the unusually polymorphic nature of its gene. To clarity the in vive role of the D4R, we produced and analyzed mutant mice (D4R(-/-)) lacking this protein. Although less active in open field tests, D4R(-/-) mice outperformed wild- type mice on the rotarod and displayed locomotor supersensitivity to ethanol, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Biochemical analyses revealed that dopamine synthesis and its conversion to DOPAC were elevated in the dorsal striatum from D4R(-/-) mice. Based on these findings, we propose that the D4R modulates normal, coordinated and drug-stimulated motor behaviors as well as the activity of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons.",
author = "Marcelo Rubinstein and Phillips, {Tamara J.} and Bunzow, {James R.} and Falzone, {Tom{\'a}s L.} and Gustavo Dziewczapolski and Ge Zhang and Yuan Fang and Larson, {Jennifer L.} and McDougall, {John A.} and Chester, {Julia A.} and Carmen Saez and Pugsley, {Thomas A.} and Oscar Gershanik and Low, {Malcolm J.} and Grandy, {David K.}",
note = "Funding Information: Our thanks to C. Garc{\'i}a Bonelli, J. Garfinkle, L. Menalled, M. Piercy, A. Unteutsch, D. VanLeeuwen, and S. Z. Whetzel for excellent technical assistance; J. Shiigi and E. Wiltshire for assistance with the illustrations; O. R{\o}nnekleiv for her expertise and reagents; J. C. Crabbe, C. L. Cunningham, M. Geyer, J. E. Grisel, J. P. Hammerstad, S. W. Johnson, R. G. MacKenzie, C. K. Meshul, J. G. Nutt, R. G. Weleber, and W. R. Woodward for thoughtful discussions; and O. Civelli for encouragement during the early phases of the work. Supported by NIDA (D. K. G.), Markey Charitable Trust (D. K. G. and M. J. L.), Hoffmann-LaRoche (M. J. L.), Parke-Davis (M. J. L.), International Research Scholars Grant, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (M. R.), Fundaci{\'o}n Antorchas (M. R. and O. G.), Universidad de Buenos Aires (M. R.), National Parkinson Foundation (O. G. and G. D.), NIAAA, and the Dept. of Veterans Affairs (T. J. P.).",
year = "1997",
month = sep,
day = "19",
doi = "10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80365-7",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "90",
pages = "991--1001",
journal = "Cell",
issn = "0092-8674",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "6",
}