TY - JOUR
T1 - Heterogeneous antiretroviral drug distribution and HIV/SHIV detection in the gut of three species
AU - Thompson, Corbin G.
AU - Rosen, Elias P.
AU - Prince, Heather M.A.
AU - White, Nicole
AU - Sykes, Craig
AU - De La Cruz, Gabriela
AU - Mathews, Michelle
AU - Deleage, Claire
AU - Estes, Jacob D.
AU - Charlins, Paige
AU - Mulder, Leila R.
AU - Kovarova, Martina
AU - Adamson, Lourdes
AU - Arora, Shifali
AU - Dellon, Evan S.
AU - Peery, Anne F.
AU - Shaheen, Nicholas J.
AU - Gay, Cynthia
AU - Muddiman, David C.
AU - Akkina, Ramesh
AU - Garcia, J. Victor
AU - Luciw, Paul
AU - Kashuba, Angela D.M.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
PY - 2019/7/3
Y1 - 2019/7/3
N2 - HIV replication within tissues may increase in response to a reduced exposure to antiretroviral drugs. Traditional approaches to measuring drug concentrations in tissues are unable to characterize a heterogeneous drug distribution. Here, we used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to visualize the distribution of six HIV antiretroviral drugs in gut tissue sections from three species (two strains of humanized mice, macaques, and humans). We measured drug concentrations in proximity to CD3+ T cells that are targeted by HIV, as well as expression of HIV or SHIV RNA and expression of the MDR1 drug efflux transporter in gut tissue from HIV-infected humanized mice, SHIV-infected macaques, and HIV-infected humans treated with combination antiretroviral drug therapy. Serial 10-μm sections of snap-frozen ileal and rectal tissue were analyzed by MSI for CD3+ T cells and MDR1 efflux transporter expression by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The tissue slices were analyzed for HIV/SHIV RNA expression by in situ hybridization and for antiretroviral drug concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The gastrointestinal tissue distribution of the six drugs was heterogeneous. Fifty percent to 60% of CD3+ T cells did not colocalize with detectable drug concentrations in the gut tissue. In all three species, up to 90% of HIV/SHIV RNA was found to be expressed in gut tissue with no exposure to drug. These data suggest that there may be gut regions with little to no exposure to antiretroviral drugs, which may result in low-level HIV replication contributing to HIV persistence.
AB - HIV replication within tissues may increase in response to a reduced exposure to antiretroviral drugs. Traditional approaches to measuring drug concentrations in tissues are unable to characterize a heterogeneous drug distribution. Here, we used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to visualize the distribution of six HIV antiretroviral drugs in gut tissue sections from three species (two strains of humanized mice, macaques, and humans). We measured drug concentrations in proximity to CD3+ T cells that are targeted by HIV, as well as expression of HIV or SHIV RNA and expression of the MDR1 drug efflux transporter in gut tissue from HIV-infected humanized mice, SHIV-infected macaques, and HIV-infected humans treated with combination antiretroviral drug therapy. Serial 10-μm sections of snap-frozen ileal and rectal tissue were analyzed by MSI for CD3+ T cells and MDR1 efflux transporter expression by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The tissue slices were analyzed for HIV/SHIV RNA expression by in situ hybridization and for antiretroviral drug concentrations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The gastrointestinal tissue distribution of the six drugs was heterogeneous. Fifty percent to 60% of CD3+ T cells did not colocalize with detectable drug concentrations in the gut tissue. In all three species, up to 90% of HIV/SHIV RNA was found to be expressed in gut tissue with no exposure to drug. These data suggest that there may be gut regions with little to no exposure to antiretroviral drugs, which may result in low-level HIV replication contributing to HIV persistence.
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U2 - 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8758
DO - 10.1126/scitranslmed.aap8758
M3 - Article
C2 - 31270274
AN - SCOPUS:85069288032
SN - 1946-6234
VL - 11
JO - Science translational medicine
JF - Science translational medicine
IS - 499
M1 - aap8758
ER -