Growth modeling of the maternal cytokine milieu throughout normal pregnancy: Macrophage-derived chemokine decreases as inflammation/counterregulation increases

Shernan G. Holtan, Yiyi Chen, Rajani Kaimal, Douglas J. Creedon, Elizabeth Ann L. Enninga, Wendy K. Nevala, Svetomir N. Markovic

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

41 Scopus citations

Abstract

Several recent studies have shown differences in the maternal immune milieu at different phases of pregnancy, but most studies have been cross-sectional or of relatively few time points. Levels of 42 cytokines were determined using a multiplex bead-based assay on archived serum from a cohort of pregnant women N=16 at median of 18 time points tested, from the first trimester through to parturition, per woman. Unconditional growth modeling was then used to determine time-dependent changes in levels of these cytokines. Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC, aka CCL22) decreases as pregnancy progresses. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IP-10, and FLT3-ligand increase as a function of gestational weeks, and IFNα2, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-9, IL-12p40, and soluble CD40 ligand increase as a function of trimester. As pregnancy normally progresses, a maternal shift away from a type 2-biased immune response and toward an inflammatory/counterregulatory response is observed.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number952571
JournalJournal of Immunology Research
Volume2015
DOIs
StatePublished - 2015

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Immunology and Allergy
  • Immunology

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