@article{596d52791589486e81398a3bec22f85b,
title = "Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease",
abstract = "Our understanding of dysfunction of the gastrointestinal system in patients with Parkinson's disease has increased substantially in the past decade. The entire gastrointestinal tract is affected in these patients, causing complications that range from oral issues, including drooling and swallowing problems, to delays in gastric emptying and constipation. Additionally, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and Helicobacter pylori infection affect motor fluctuations by interfering with the absorption of antiparkinsonian drugs. The multifaceted role of the gastrointestinal system in Parkinson's disease necessitates a specific and detailed assessment and treatment plan. The presence of pervasive α-synuclein deposition in the gastrointestinal tract strongly implicates this system in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Future studies elucidating the role of the gastrointestinal tract in the pathological progression of Parkinson's disease might hold potential for early disease detection and development of neuroprotective approaches.",
author = "Alfonso Fasano and Visanji, {Naomi P.} and Liu, {Louis W.C.} and Lang, {Antony E.} and Pfeiffer, {Ronald F.}",
note = "Funding Information: AF has received honoraria from UCB, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbvie, and Teva Canada. LWCL has received honoraria from Abbvie, Actavis Canada, Forest Laboratories Canada, and Takeda Canada. AEL has served as an adviser for Abbvie, Allon Therapeutics, Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Biogen Idec, Boerhinger Ingelheim, Ceregene, Lilly, Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, NeuroPhage Pharmaceuticals, Teva, and UCB; has received honoraria from Medtronic, Teva, UCB, and Abbvie; has received grants from Brain Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Edmond J Safra Philanthropic Foundation, the Michael J Fox Foundation, the Ontario Brain Institute, National Parkinson Foundation, Parkinson Society Canada, Tourette Syndrome Association, and the W Garfield Weston Foundation; and has served as an expert witness in cases related to the welding industry. RFP has received honoraria from Teva, UCB, and US WorldMeds for lectures; from Pfizer, Chelsea, and Acadia for consulting; and from UCB for research grants and contracts. NPV declares no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015 Elsevier Ltd.",
year = "2015",
month = jun,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00007-1",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "14",
pages = "625--639",
journal = "The Lancet Neurology",
issn = "1474-4422",
publisher = "Lancet Publishing Group",
number = "6",
}