TY - JOUR
T1 - Forward-looking intracardiac ultrasound imaging using a 1-D CMUT array integrated with custom front-end electronics
AU - Nikoozadeh, Amin
AU - Wygant, Ira O.
AU - Lin, Der Song
AU - Oralkan, Ömer
AU - Ergun, A. Sanli
AU - Stephens, Douglas N.
AU - Thomenius, Kai E.
AU - Dentinger, Aaron M.
AU - Wildes, Douglas
AU - Akopyan, Gina
AU - Shivkumar, Kalyanam
AU - Mahajan, Aman
AU - Sahn, David J.
AU - Khuri-Yakub, Butrus T.
N1 - Funding Information:
manuscript received april 11, 2008; accepted July 6, 2008. This work was supported by the national Institutes of Health under grant Hl67647. 1a unit of measure equal to one-third millimeter used in measuring the outside diameter of a tubular instrument. a. nikoozadeh, I. o. Wygant, d.-s. lin, Ö. oralkan, and b. T. Khuri-yakub are with the Edward l. Ginzton laboratory, stanford University, stanford, ca 94305 (e-mail: aminn@stanford.edu). a. s. Ergun is now with the Tobb Economy and Technology University, ankara, Turkey. d. n. stephens is with the department of biomedical Engineering, University of california, davis, ca 95616. K. E. Thomenius, a. m. dentinger, and d. Wildes are with the General Electric Global research, niskayuna, ny 12309. G. akopyan, K. shivkumar, and a. mahajan are with the david Geffen school of medicine, University of california, los angeles, ca 90095. d. J. sahn is with the oregon Health and science University, Portland, or 97239. digital object Identifier 10.1109/TUFFc.2008.980
PY - 2008/12
Y1 - 2008/12
N2 - Minimally invasive catheter-based electrophysiological (EP) interventions are becoming a standard procedure in diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. As a result of technological advances that enable small feature sizes and a high level of integration, nonfluoroscopic intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) imaging catheters are attracting increasing attention. ICE catheters improve EP procedural guidance while reducing the undesirable use of fluoroscopy, which is currently the common catheter guidance method. Phased-array ICE catheters have been in use for several years now, although only for side-looking imaging. We are developing a forwardlooking ICE catheter for improved visualization. In this effort, we fabricate a 24-element, fine-pitch 1-D array of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUT), with a total footprint of 1.73 mm × 1.27 mm. We also design a custom integrated circuit (IC) composed of 24 identical blocks of transmit/receive circuitry, measuring 2.1 mm × 2.1 mm. The transmit circuitry is capable of delivering 25-V unipolar pulses, and the receive circuitry includes a transimpedance preamplifier followed by an output buffer. The CMUT array and the custom IC are designed to be mounted at the tip of a 10-Fr catheter for high-frame-rate forward-looking intracardiac imaging. Through-wafer vias incorporated in the CMUT array provide access to individual array elements from the back side of the array. We successfully flip-chip bond a CMUT array to the custom IC with 100% yield. We coat the device with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to electrically isolate the device for imaging in water and tissue. The pulse-echo in water from a total plane reflector has a center frequency of 9.2 MHz with a 96% fractional bandwidth. Finally, we demonstrate the imaging capability of the integrated device on commercial phantoms and on a beating ex vivo rabbit heart (Langendorff model) using a commercial ultrasound imaging system.
AB - Minimally invasive catheter-based electrophysiological (EP) interventions are becoming a standard procedure in diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. As a result of technological advances that enable small feature sizes and a high level of integration, nonfluoroscopic intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) imaging catheters are attracting increasing attention. ICE catheters improve EP procedural guidance while reducing the undesirable use of fluoroscopy, which is currently the common catheter guidance method. Phased-array ICE catheters have been in use for several years now, although only for side-looking imaging. We are developing a forwardlooking ICE catheter for improved visualization. In this effort, we fabricate a 24-element, fine-pitch 1-D array of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUT), with a total footprint of 1.73 mm × 1.27 mm. We also design a custom integrated circuit (IC) composed of 24 identical blocks of transmit/receive circuitry, measuring 2.1 mm × 2.1 mm. The transmit circuitry is capable of delivering 25-V unipolar pulses, and the receive circuitry includes a transimpedance preamplifier followed by an output buffer. The CMUT array and the custom IC are designed to be mounted at the tip of a 10-Fr catheter for high-frame-rate forward-looking intracardiac imaging. Through-wafer vias incorporated in the CMUT array provide access to individual array elements from the back side of the array. We successfully flip-chip bond a CMUT array to the custom IC with 100% yield. We coat the device with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to electrically isolate the device for imaging in water and tissue. The pulse-echo in water from a total plane reflector has a center frequency of 9.2 MHz with a 96% fractional bandwidth. Finally, we demonstrate the imaging capability of the integrated device on commercial phantoms and on a beating ex vivo rabbit heart (Langendorff model) using a commercial ultrasound imaging system.
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U2 - 10.1109/TUFFC.2008.980
DO - 10.1109/TUFFC.2008.980
M3 - Article
C2 - 19126489
AN - SCOPUS:68149141571
SN - 0885-3010
VL - 55
SP - 2651
EP - 2660
JO - IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
JF - IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
IS - 12
ER -