TY - JOUR
T1 - Designing allosteric regulators of thrombin. Monosulfated benzofuran dimers selectively interact with Arg173 of exosite 2 to induce inhibition
AU - Abdel Aziz, May H.
AU - Sidhu, Preetpal Singh
AU - Liang, Aiye
AU - Kim, Ji Yeong
AU - Mosier, Philip D.
AU - Zhou, Qibing
AU - Farrell, David H.
AU - Desai, Umesh R.
PY - 2012/8/9
Y1 - 2012/8/9
N2 - Earlier, we reported on the design of sulfated benzofuran dimers (SBDs) as allosteric inhibitors of thrombin (Sidhu et al. J. Med. Chem.201154 5522-5531). To identify the site of binding of SBDs, we studied thrombin inhibition in the presence of exosite 1 and 2 ligands. Whereas hirudin peptide and heparin octasaccharide did not affect the IC 50 of thrombin inhibition by a high affinity SBD, the presence of full-length heparin reduced inhibition potency by 4-fold. The presence of γ′ fibrinogen peptide, which recognizes Arg93, Arg97, Arg173, Arg175, and other residues, resulted in a loss of affinity that correlated with the ideal Dixon-Webb competitive profile. Replacement of several arginines and lysines of exosite 2 with alanine did not affect thrombin inhibition potency, except for Arg173, which displayed a 22-fold reduction in IC 50. Docking studies suggested a hydrophobic patch around Arg173 as a plausible site of SBD binding to thrombin. The absence of the Arg173-like residue in factor Xa supported the observed selectivity of inhibition by SBDs. Cellular toxicity studies indicated that SBDs are essentially nontoxic to cells at concentrations as high as 250 mg/kg. Overall, the work presents the localization of the SBD binding site, which could lead to allosteric modulators of thrombin that are completely different from all clinically used anticoagulants.
AB - Earlier, we reported on the design of sulfated benzofuran dimers (SBDs) as allosteric inhibitors of thrombin (Sidhu et al. J. Med. Chem.201154 5522-5531). To identify the site of binding of SBDs, we studied thrombin inhibition in the presence of exosite 1 and 2 ligands. Whereas hirudin peptide and heparin octasaccharide did not affect the IC 50 of thrombin inhibition by a high affinity SBD, the presence of full-length heparin reduced inhibition potency by 4-fold. The presence of γ′ fibrinogen peptide, which recognizes Arg93, Arg97, Arg173, Arg175, and other residues, resulted in a loss of affinity that correlated with the ideal Dixon-Webb competitive profile. Replacement of several arginines and lysines of exosite 2 with alanine did not affect thrombin inhibition potency, except for Arg173, which displayed a 22-fold reduction in IC 50. Docking studies suggested a hydrophobic patch around Arg173 as a plausible site of SBD binding to thrombin. The absence of the Arg173-like residue in factor Xa supported the observed selectivity of inhibition by SBDs. Cellular toxicity studies indicated that SBDs are essentially nontoxic to cells at concentrations as high as 250 mg/kg. Overall, the work presents the localization of the SBD binding site, which could lead to allosteric modulators of thrombin that are completely different from all clinically used anticoagulants.
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U2 - 10.1021/jm300670q
DO - 10.1021/jm300670q
M3 - Article
C2 - 22788964
AN - SCOPUS:84864953109
SN - 0022-2623
VL - 55
SP - 6888
EP - 6897
JO - Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
JF - Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
IS - 15
ER -