Abstract
Analysis of the writings of Kuang Qizhao and other Chinese self-strengtheners suggests that their emphasis on promoting education before democracy and continuing to endorse classical Confucianism were not signs of a retrograde kind of conservatism, but an entirely rational decision based on the actual experiences of late Qing observers of 19th Century American democracy. Observing the U.S. Congress's passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, Chinese officials observed the real dangers of demagogue led populism without an educated, moral citizenry and the apparent importance of Christianity to creating the moral foundation for an effective modern society. For Kuang, Confucianism was equivalent to Christianity to establish that moral basis, and not a conservative desire to preserve the old social order. Kuang would pass on his thoughts to some of China's most important reformers and officials on his return home, suggesting he and the officials he associated with had a more realistic and sophisticated understanding of American society and democracy than is currently assumed.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 315-346 |
Number of pages | 32 |
Journal | Journal of American-East Asian Relations |
Volume | 27 |
Issue number | 4 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - 2020 |
Keywords
- Chinese Educational Mission
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Confucianism
- Democracy
- Education
- Kuang Qizhao
- Mark Twain
- Self-Strengthening Period
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Cultural Studies
- History
- Sociology and Political Science
- Political Science and International Relations