@article{e33fcf4b5eab4c77bc328bd0d8fcebc9,
title = "Breast milk from women living near Lake Malawi is high in docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid",
abstract = "Adequate long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) intake is critical during the fetal and infant periods. We quantified fatty acid content of breast milk (n=718) and plasma from six month old infants (n=412) in southern Malawi, and in usipa (n=3). , a small dried fish from Lake Malawi. Compared to global norms, Malawian breast milk fatty acid content (% of total fatty acids) was well above average levels of arachidonic acid [ARA] (0.69% vs. 0.47%) and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] (0.73% vs. 0.32%). Average Malawian infant plasma ARA (7.5%) and DHA (3.8%) levels were comparable to those reported in infants consuming breast milk with similar fatty acid content. The amounts (mg) of DHA, EPA and ARA provided by a 3. oz (85. g) portion of dried usipa (1439, 659 and 360, respectively) are considerably higher than those for dried salmon. Usipa may be an important source of LCPUFA for populations in this region.",
keywords = "Breast milk, DHA, Fish, Infant, LCPUFA, Maternal",
author = "{Yakes Jimenez}, E. and C. Mangani and P. Ashorn and Harris, {W. S.} and K. Maleta and Dewey, {K. G.}",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank the families that participated in the study. We express gratitude to John Phuka, Yin Bun Cheung, Jan Peerson, Andrea Pointe-Eaton and Setti Shahab-Ferdows for their technical assistance with the project implementation and laboratory and statistical analyses. We would also like to acknowledge Jason Polreis and Laura Sanborn at OmegaQuant Analytics for analysis of the fatty acids in plasma, breast milk and usipa. The fatty acid analyses were supported by a grant from the Mathile Institute for the Advancement of Human Nutrition . The field trial was funded by Academy of Finland (grants 200720 , 108873 , 111685 and 109796 ), Foundation for Pediatric Research in Finland, Medical Research Fund of Tampere University Hospital, and the American people through the support of the Office of Health, Infectious Disease, and Nutrition, Bureau for Global Health, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), under terms of Cooperative Agreement No. GHN-A-00-08-00001-00, through the FANTA-2 Project, and operated by the Academy for Educational Development (AED). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the funders, USAID or the United States Government. ",
year = "2015",
month = apr,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/j.plefa.2014.12.002",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "95",
pages = "71--78",
journal = "Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids",
issn = "0952-3278",
publisher = "Churchill Livingstone",
}