Anti-Müllerian hormone promotes pre-antral follicle growth, but inhibits antral follicle maturation and dominant follicle selection in primates

study question: What are the direct effects and physiological role of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) during primate follicular development and function at specific stages of folliculogenesis? summaryanswer: AMHactions in the primate ovary may be stage-dependent, directly promoting pre-antral follicle growth while inhibiting antral follicle maturation and dominant follicle selection. what is known already: AMH is expressed in the adult ovary, particularly in developing follicles. Studies in mice suggest that AMH suppresses pre-antral follicle growth in vitro, and inhibits primordial follicle recruitment and FSH-stimulated antral follicle steroidogenesis. study design, size, duration: For in vitro study, secondary follicles were isolated from ovaries of 12 rhesus macaques and cultured for 5weeks. For in vivo study, intraovarian infusion wasconducted on fivemonkeys for the entire follicular phase during two spontaneous menstrual cycles. participants/materials, setting, methods: For in vitro study, individual follicles were cultured in a 5% O2 environment, in alpha minimum essential medium supplemented with recombinant human FSH. Follicles were randomly assigned to treatments of recombinant human AMH protein or neutralizing anti-human AMH antibody (AMH-Ab). Follicle survival, growth, steroid production, steroidogenic enzyme expression, and oocyte maturation were assessed. For in vivo study, ovaries were infused with control vehicle or AMH-Ab during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Cycle length, serum steroid levels, and antral follicle growth were evaluated. main results and the role of chance: AMHexposure during cultureweeks 0-3 (pre-antral stage) promoted, while AMH-Ab delayed, antrum formation of growing follicles compared with controls. AMH treatment during culture weeks 3-5 (antral stage) decreased (P < 0.05) estradiol (E2) production, as well as themRNAexpression of cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A polypeptide 1, by antral follicles relative to controls, whereas AMH-Ab increased (P < 0.05) follicular mRNA levels of the enzyme. Intraovarian infusion of AMH-Ab during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle increased (P < 0.05) the average levels of serum E2 compared with those of the control cycles. Three of the five AMH-Ab-treated ovaries displayed multiple (n = 2-9) medium-to-large (2-8 mm)antral follicles at the mid-cycle E2 peak, whereas only one large (4-7 mm) antral follicle was observed in all monkeys during their control cycles. The average levels of serum progesterone were higher (P < 0.05) during the luteal phase of cycles following the AMH-Ab infusion relative to the vehicle infusion. limitations, reasons for caution: The in vitro study of AMH actions on cultured individual macaque follicles was limited to the interval from the secondary to small antral stage. Asequential study designwas used for in vivo experiments, which may limit the power of the study. wider implications of the findings: The current study provides novel information on direct actions and role of AMH during primate follicular development, and selection of a dominant follicle by the late follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. We hypothesize that AMHacts positively on follicular growth during the pre-antral stage in primates, but negatively impacts antral follicle maturation, which is different from what is reported in the mouse model. study funding/competing interest(s): NIH NICHD R01HD082208, NIH ORWH/NICHD K12HD043488 (BIRCWH), NIH OD P51OD011092 (ONPRC), Collins Medical Trust. There are no conflicts of interest. trial registration number: Not applicable.