@article{3eaeb50b39bb476387a84916cf79c488,
title = "Anaesthetic neurotoxicity and neuroplasticity: An expert group report and statement based on the BJA Salzburg Seminar",
abstract = "Although previously considered entirely reversible, general anaesthesia is now being viewed as a potentially significant risk to cognitive performance at both extremes of age. A large body of preclinical as well as some retrospective clinical evidence suggest that exposure to general anaesthesia could be detrimental to cognitive development in young subjects, and might also contribute to accelerated cognitive decline in the elderly. A group of experts in anaesthetic neuropharmacology and neurotoxicity convened in Salzburg, Austria for the BJA Salzburg Seminar on Anaesthetic Neurotoxicity and Neuroplasticity. This focused workshop was sponsored by the British Journal of Anaesthesia to review and critically assess currently available evidence from animal and human studies, and to consider the direction of future research. It was concluded that mounting evidence from preclinical studies reveals general anaesthetics to be powerful modulators of neuronal development and function, which could contribute to detrimental behavioural outcomes. However, definitive clinical data remain elusive. Since general anaesthesia often cannot be avoided regardless of patient age, it is important to understand the complex mechanisms and effects involved in anaesthesia-induced neurotoxicity, and to develop strategies for avoiding or limiting potential brain injury through evidence-based approaches.",
keywords = "anaesthesia, general, anaesthetics, cognitive disorder, neurotoxicity syndromes, postoperative complications",
author = "V. Jevtovic-Todorovic and Absalom, {A. R.} and K. Blomgren and A. Brambrink and G. Crosby and Culley, {D. J.} and G. Fiskum and Giffard, {R. G.} and Herold, {K. F.} and Loepke, {A. W.} and D. Ma and Orser, {B. A.} and E. Planel and W. Slikker and Soriano, {S. G.} and G. Stratmann and L. Vutskits and Z. Xie and Hemmings, {H. C.}",
note = "Funding Information: A.R.A., National Institute of Academic Anaesthesia and Dutch Association of Anesthesiologists; K.B., Swedish Research Council, the Swedish Childhood Cancer Foundation, the Swedish Cancer Foundation, governmental grants from Agreement Concerning Research and Education of Doctors (ALF), the StratNeuro Network at the Karolinska Institute, the Stockholm and Gothenburg Freemasons{\textquoteright} Pediatric Research grants; D.C., William F. Milton Fund, National Institutes of Health (Bethesda, MD, USA) K08 GM077057; G.C., National Institutes of Health R01 GM088817; G.F., National Institutes of Health 2P01 1HD16596-26, US Air Force FA8650-11-2-6D04, US Army W81XWH-13-1-0016 and W81XWH-09-2-0187; R.G.G., National Institutes of Health GM49831 and NS053898; H.C.H., National Institutes of Health GM58055 and NS56315; KFH HE4554/5-1 DFG (German Research Foundation); V.J.-T., NIH/NICHD HD 44517 and American Recovery and Reinvestment Act supplement HD 44517S, John E. Fogarty Award TW007423-128322, March of Dimes National Award and Harold Carron endowment. V.J.-T. was an Established Investigator of the American Heart Association; D.M., Medical Research Council, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Society-Bupa Foundation, BJA/ RCoA, AAGBI, Westminster Medical School Research Trust, Action Medical Research and SPARKS, UK and European Society of Anesthesiology, Brussels; B.A.O., Canada Research Chair in Anesthesia, and Canadian Institutes of Health Research; E.P., Canadian Institutes for Health Research (MOP-106423, PCN-102993), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (354722), Canada Foundation for Innovation (23905), and Research Scholar Career Awards (16205, 20048) from the Fonds de la Recherche en Sant{\'e} du Qu{\'e}bec; S.G.S., Boston Children{\textquoteright}s Hospital Endowed Chair in Pediatric Neuroanesthesia; G.S., John Severinghaus Research Award – Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF; L.V., Swiss National Science Foundation; Z.X., National Institutes of Health R21AG038994, R01 GM088801, and R01 AG041274, Investigator-initiated research grant from Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Association, Chicago, IL, USA, and Cure Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Fund, Wellesley, MA, USA.",
year = "2013",
month = aug,
doi = "10.1093/bja/aet177",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "111",
pages = "143--151",
journal = "British journal of anaesthesia",
issn = "0007-0912",
publisher = "Oxford University Press",
number = "2",
}