Network
Oregon Health and Sciences University
Organizational unit: University
Oregon National Primate Research Center
Oregon Health and Sciences University
Organizational unit: Center
Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute
Oregon Health and Sciences University
Organizational unit: Institute
Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology
Organizational unit: Department
Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences
Oregon Health and Sciences University
Organizational unit: Institute
University of Arizona
External organization: Academic
Columbia University
External organization: Academic
Vanderbilt University
External organization: Academic
Lund University
External organization: Academic
Universidade de São Paulo
External organization: Academic
Oregon Health and Science University
External organization: Academic
Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc.
External organization: Unknown
University of Würzburg
External organization: Academic
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
External organization: Academic
University of Pennsylvania
External organization: Academic
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
External organization: Academic
Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine
External organization: Government
Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
External organization: Academic
Kaiser Permanente
External organization: Medical
University of Minnesota Twin Cities
External organization: Academic
Johns Hopkins University
External organization: Academic
University of Washington
External organization: Academic
Harvard University
External organization: Academic
Portland VA Medical Center
External organization: Medical
Kyoto University
External organization: Academic
Imperial College London
External organization: Academic
Stanford University
External organization: Academic
Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
External organization: Medical
University of Nebraska-Lincoln
External organization: Academic
University of British Columbia
External organization: Academic
University of Colorado Denver
External organization: Academic
New York University
External organization: Academic
University of California at San Francisco
External organization: Academic
National Institutes of Health
External organization: Government
Fraunhofer - NW-NI-HB-HH-SH
External organization: Government
VA Medical Center
External organization: Medical
Paracelsus Private Medical University
External organization: Academic
University of Kentucky
External organization: Academic
University of Florida
External organization: Academic
Uppsala University
External organization: Academic
University of Massachusetts Medical School
External organization: Academic
Boston University
External organization: Academic
McGill University
External organization: Academic
The University of Chicago
External organization: Academic
University of Bergen
External organization: Academic
GlaxoSmithKline
External organization: Corporate
University of Cape Town
External organization: Academic
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
External organization: Medical
VA Puget Sound Health Care System
External organization: Medical
University of Utah
External organization: Academic
University of California at Davis
External organization: Academic
University of Toronto
External organization: Academic
University of Texas Health Center at Tyler
External organization: Academic
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
External organization: Medical
Medical University of South Carolina
External organization: Academic
Georgetown University
External organization: Academic
University of Pittsburgh
External organization: Academic
University of Oxford
External organization: Academic
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
External organization: Government
Duke University
External organization: Academic
Department of Veterans Affairs
External organization: Government
University of Miami
External organization: Academic
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
External organization: Academic
Portland State University
External organization: Academic
University of California at Los Angeles
External organization: Academic
Landspitali University Hospital
External organization: Medical
University of Iceland
External organization: Academic
University of Calgary
External organization: Academic
Hiroshima University
External organization: Academic
Ohio State University
External organization: Academic
University of Alabama at Birmingham
External organization: Academic
Woolcock Institute of Medical Research
External organization: Academic
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
External organization: Academic
University of Rochester
External organization: Academic
Northwestern University
External organization: Academic
St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center
External organization: Medical
McMaster University
External organization: Academic
Emory University
External organization: Academic
Université Laval
External organization: Academic
Obafemi Awolowo University
External organization: Academic
Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, AZ
External organization: Medical
University of Oklahoma
External organization: Academic
Jagiellonian University
External organization: Unknown
University College London
External organization: Academic
Maastricht University
External organization: Academic
University of Geneva
External organization: Academic
Yeshiva University
External organization: Academic
Monash University
External organization: Academic
Colorado State University
External organization: Academic
Yale University
External organization: Academic
University of Cincinnati
External organization: Academic
La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology
External organization: Academic
Ghent University
External organization: Academic
Tufts University
External organization: Academic
University of Southampton
External organization: Academic
Technical University of Munich, Institute for Toxicology and Environmental Hygiene
External organization: Unknown
Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute
External organization: Unknown
CIBER - Center for Biomedical Research Network
External organization: Academic
University of Western Australia
External organization: Academic
Universidade Federal de Pelotas
External organization: Academic
University of Melbourne
External organization: Academic
Dalhousie University
External organization: Academic
Cukurova University
External organization: Academic
University of Connecticut
External organization: Academic
Saint Louis University
External organization: Academic
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias
External organization: Government
Makerere University
External organization: Academic
University of Nebraska Medical Center
External organization: Academic
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
External organization: Academic
Baylor College of Medicine
External organization: Academic
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
External organization: Academic
SUNY Buffalo
External organization: Academic
Henry Ford Health System
External organization: Medical
Novartis
External organization: Corporate
University of Tennessee System
External organization: Academic
Pompeu Fabra University
External organization: Academic
University of Texas at Tyler
External organization: Academic
Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
External organization: Medical
Barcelona Institute for Global Health
External organization: Academic
University of Southern California
External organization: Academic
Hannover Medical School
External organization: Academic
University of California at Irvine
External organization: Academic
King's College London
External organization: Academic
University of California at San Diego
External organization: Academic
Case Western Reserve University
External organization: Academic
Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
External organization: Academic
University of Manitoba
External organization: Academic
TheEvidenceDoc
External organization: Unknown
Public Health Research Institute - New York
External organization: Academic
General Hospital Linz (AKH)
External organization: Unknown
Municipal Institute for Medical Research Hospital del Mar
External organization: Academic
University of Wisconsin-Madison
External organization: Academic
Virginia Commonwealth University
External organization: Academic
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
External organization: Government
Cornell University
External organization: Academic
Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University
External organization: Academic
University of Saskatchewan
External organization: Academic
Leiden University
External organization: Academic
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
External organization: Academic
Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System
External organization: Unknown
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
External organization: Academic
Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL
External organization: Medical
University of Gothenburg
External organization: Academic
University of Groningen
External organization: Academic
Duke University Medical Center
External organization: Unknown
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
External organization: Academic
University of Nebraska Omaha
External organization: Academic
University of Queensland
External organization: Academic
Queen's University Kingston
External organization: Academic
University of Ottawa
External organization: Academic
Cardiff University School of Medicine
External organization: Unknown
University of Edinburgh
External organization: Academic
University of Tartu
External organization: Academic
King Edward Memorial Hospital India
External organization: Medical
University of Oregon
External organization: Academic
University of Sousse
External organization: Academic
University of Sydney
External organization: Academic
Universidad Central de Venezuela
External organization: Academic
Johannes Kepler University of Linz
External organization: Academic
Pulmonary and Critical Care
External organization: Unknown
University of Maryland, Baltimore
External organization: Academic
Uganda-CWRU Research Collaboration
External organization: Unknown
University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine
External organization: Unknown
University Hospital Aintree
External organization: Medical
University of Virginia
External organization: Academic
Denver Health
External organization: Medical
Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital
External organization: Unknown
Brown University
External organization: Academic
University of California at Berkeley
External organization: Academic
Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center
External organization: Medical
University of Zurich
External organization: Academic
National Jewish Medical and Research Center
External organization: Medical
Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
External organization: Medical
Oregon State University
External organization: Academic
University of Birmingham
External organization: Academic
Washington University St. Louis
External organization: Academic
University of Liverpool
External organization: Academic
University of Alberta
External organization: Academic
University of Manchester
External organization: Academic
National Hospital Organization, Japan
External organization: Medical
Infectious Disease Research Institute
External organization: Academic
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
External organization: Unknown
Dept of Public Health Medicine
External organization: Unknown
Honolulu Heart Program
External organization: Unknown
Amgen Incorporated
External organization: Corporate
Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Switzerland
External organization: Unknown
Winthrop University Hospital
External organization: Medical
Cardeas Pharma
External organization: Unknown
University of Tasmania
External organization: Academic
Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
External organization: Medical
University of South Florida
External organization: Academic
University of the Witwatersrand
External organization: Academic
Guy's Hospital
External organization: Medical
University of Otago
External organization: Academic
Thomas Jefferson University
External organization: Academic
South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative
External organization: Unknown
University of Antwerp
External organization: Academic
AstraZeneca Sweden
External organization: Corporate
California Pacific Medical Center
External organization: Medical
Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick
External organization: Academic
University of Verona
External organization: Academic
University of Utrecht
External organization: Unknown
Royal Brompton Hospital
External organization: Medical
University Health Network University of Toronto
External organization: Unknown
Utrecht University
External organization: Academic
Wake Forest University
External organization: Academic
The University of Auckland
External organization: Academic
University of Vermont
External organization: Academic
Merck
External organization: Corporate
University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
External organization: Medical
Seattle Biomedical Research Institute
External organization: Academic
University of Aberdeen
External organization: Academic
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
External organization: Academic
University of Crete
External organization: Academic
Stony Brook University
External organization: Academic
Loma Linda University Health
External organization: Academic
Hospital de Galdakao
External organization: Medical
Children's Health Queensland
External organization: Unknown
Science and Public Policy
External organization: Unknown
Pohang University of Science and Technology
External organization: Academic
Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
External organization: Academic
University of Illinois at Chicago
External organization: Academic
Loyola University Chicago
External organization: Academic
Legacy Clinical Research and Technology Center
External organization: Medical
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
External organization: Academic
University of Barcelona
External organization: Academic
University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
External organization: Academic
North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System
External organization: Medical
Guangzhou Medical College
External organization: Academic
Association of Occupational Health Professionals in Healthcare
External organization: Unknown
University of Basel
External organization: Academic
John Hunter Hospital
External organization: Medical
East Carolina University
External organization: Academic
Universidad de la República
External organization: Academic
Universite Joseph Fourier
External organization: Academic
COPD Foundation
External organization: Unknown
Africa Health Research Institute
External organization: Unknown
American Thoracic Society
External organization: Unknown
Latter Day Saints Hospital
External organization: Unknown
University of Copenhagen
External organization: Academic
Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto
External organization: Unknown
Penn Presbyterian Medical Center
External organization: Unknown
London Chest Hospital
External organization: Medical
Northwest Permanente
External organization: Unknown
Jagiellonian University in Kraków
External organization: Academic
Botsford Pulmonary Associates
External organization: Unknown
California Department of Public Health
External organization: Unknown
HerediLab Inc.
External organization: Unknown
Recinte Hospital Joan March
External organization: Unknown
Ian Anti-Tobacco Association
External organization: Unknown
Gilead Sciences, Inc.
External organization: Unknown
Fundación Neumológica Colombiana
External organization: Medical
J. Craig Venter Institute
External organization: Government
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
External organization: Academic
Pulmonary and Allergy Associates, P.A.
External organization: Unknown
Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
External organization: Medical
Karolinska Institutet
External organization: Academic
University of Stellenbosch
External organization: Academic
Autonomous University of Barcelona
External organization: Academic
McMaster University Medical Center
External organization: Unknown
Juntendo University
External organization: Academic
Erasmus University Rotterdam
External organization: Academic
Universidade Federal da Bahia
External organization: Academic
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
External organization: Unknown
University of Texas at Austin
External organization: Academic
University of Pavia
External organization: Academic
Voivodeship Specialist Hospital
External organization: Unknown
CNRS Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
External organization: Academic
Dartmouth College
External organization: Academic
Hunter Medical Research Institute
External organization: Academic
Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Newark
External organization: Academic
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
External organization: Government
Charles Darwin University
External organization: Academic
Theravance, Inc.
External organization: Unknown
Logistics Health Incorporated
External organization: Unknown
University of New South Wales
External organization: Academic
Palo Alto Center for Pulmonary Disease Prevention
External organization: Unknown
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
External organization: Academic
Primary Children's Medical Center
External organization: Medical
Queen's University Belfast
External organization: Academic
University of Kansas
External organization: Academic
Asociación Colombiana de Neumologîa y Cirugîa de Tórax
External organization: Unknown
Immunocore
External organization: Corporate
Clînica Reina Sofîa
External organization: Unknown
Indiana University Bloomington
External organization: Academic
University of Southern Denmark
External organization: Academic
Laboratoire d'Épidémiologie, Recherche Clinique et Santé Communautaire
External organization: Unknown
South African Medical Research Council
External organization: Government
Indian Institute of Environmental Medicine
External organization: Unknown
Sydney Local Health District
External organization: Unknown
Innsbruck Medical University
External organization: Academic
Charles Sturt University
External organization: Academic
Beaumont Hospital
External organization: Unknown
Umeå University
External organization: Academic
The HMO Research Network Center for Education and Research in Therapeutics
External organization: Unknown
Tulane University
External organization: Academic
Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
External organization: Academic
NewYork-Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital
External organization: Medical
University Medical Center of Tirana "Mother Teresa"
External organization: Medical
LDS Hospital
External organization: Medical
King's College Hospital
External organization: Medical
St. Thomas' Hospital
External organization: Medical
Carolinas Medical Center
External organization: Medical
University of Lagos
External organization: Academic
Hospital Son Dureta
External organization: Medical
Creighton University
External organization: Academic
Technical University of Denmark
External organization: Academic
University of Hawai'i at Mānoa
External organization: Academic
Queensland Institute of Medical Research
External organization: Academic
University of Genoa
External organization: Academic
University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
External organization: Academic
Hofstra-Northwell Health
External organization: Unknown
Mount Auburn Hospital
External organization: Unknown
Queensland University of Technology
External organization: Academic
Penang Medical College
External organization: Academic
Portland Veterans Administration Healthcare System
External organization: Unknown
Kaiser Sunnyside Medical Center
External organization: Unknown
Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale
External organization: Government
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
External organization: Academic
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
External organization: Academic
Providence Maternal Care Clinic
External organization: Unknown
University of Cambridge
External organization: Academic
Group Health Cooperative
External organization: Medical
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
External organization: Government
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
External organization: Academic
Genentech Incorporated
External organization: Corporate
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
External organization: Academic
Hennepin County Medical Center
External organization: Medical
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
External organization: Government
Université de Bordeaux
External organization: Academic
American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
External organization: Unknown
Trinity College Dublin
External organization: Academic
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
External organization: Academic
Southampton General Hospital
External organization: Medical
Institute of Science and Technology Austria
External organization: Academic
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
External organization: Academic
Saskatchewan Health
External organization: Unknown
Western University
External organization: Academic
University of KwaZulu-Natal
External organization: Academic
University of Bern
External organization: Academic
Portuguese Society of Pneumology
External organization: Unknown
Newcastle University
External organization: Academic
University of South Australia
External organization: Academic
Ulm University
External organization: Academic
Temple University
External organization: Academic
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
External organization: Academic
Meso Scale Diagnostics
External organization: Unknown
Francis J. Curry International TB Center
External organization: Unknown
Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
External organization: Government
Philippine College of Chest Physicians
External organization: Unknown
Philippine General Hospital
External organization: Medical
Office of Mental Health and Addiction Services
External organization: Unknown
Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
External organization: Academic
Glenfield Hospital
External organization: Medical
LHS Coordinating Center
External organization: Unknown
Naval Medical Center - Portsmouth
External organization: Medical
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology
External organization: Unknown
Rutgers University–New Brunswick
External organization: Unknown
Charles River Laboratories
External organization: Corporate
University College Dublin
External organization: Academic
Saudi Thoracic Society
External organization: Unknown
Asian Pacific Society of Circulatory Support
External organization: Unknown
Carnegie Mellon University
External organization: Academic
Michigan State University
External organization: Academic
Institut national de recherche et de sécurité
External organization: Unknown
Medical Research Institute of New Zealand
External organization: Academic
Middlemore Hospital
External organization: Medical
Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis
External organization: Unknown
Ann Arbor VA Medical Center
External organization: Unknown
Scripps Research Institute
External organization: Unknown
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
External organization: Government
Gastroenterology Unit
External organization: Unknown
University of Castilla-La Mancha
External organization: Academic
University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
External organization: Academic
University of Oulu
External organization: Academic
Providence Health and Services
External organization: Unknown
CHEST
External organization: Unknown
Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
External organization: Medical
IRCCS Fondazione Ca'Granda – Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico - Milano
External organization: Medical
Aarhus University
External organization: Academic
Minneapolis VA Health Care System
External organization: Unknown
IRCCS Istituto per le Malattie Infettive Lazzaro Spallanzani - Roma
External organization: Government
QEII Health Sciences Centre
External organization: Medical
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
External organization: Medical
Division of Pulmonary
External organization: Unknown
ASL 5
External organization: Unknown
Northwest Asthma & Allergy Center
External organization: Unknown
Bastyr University
External organization: Unknown
National TB Program in Vietnam
External organization: Unknown
Ochsner Health System
External organization: Medical
Washington Neuropsychological Institute
External organization: Unknown
Université Paris 7
External organization: Academic
Johnson & Johnson
External organization: Corporate
Department of Social Medicine
External organization: Unknown
Adamstown
External organization: Unknown
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
External organization: Unknown
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
External organization: Government
Azienda Ospedaliera di Verona
External organization: Medical
Chungnam National University
External organization: Academic
Lung Health Study
External organization: Unknown
Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center
External organization: Medical
University of Bristol
External organization: Academic
Tel Aviv University
External organization: Academic
Christiana Care Health System
External organization: Medical
University of Wyoming
External organization: Academic
Sage Therapeutics, Inc.
External organization: Corporate
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
External organization: Medical
Brooklyn Hospital Center
External organization: Medical
Chest Research Foundation
External organization: Unknown
University of Freiburg
External organization: Academic
Allegheny General Hospital
External organization: Academic
Physiology and Pharmacology
External organization: Unknown
Department of Emergency Medicine
External organization: Unknown
Scott and White Memorial Hospital
External organization: Medical
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
External organization: Academic
Legacy Medical Group
External organization: Unknown
Respiratory Effectiveness Group
External organization: Unknown
Sentara Healthcare
External organization: Medical
Concord Repatriation General Hospital
External organization: Medical
Lata Medical Research Foundation
External organization: Unknown
Biogen IDEC
External organization: Corporate
Marshfield Clinic
External organization: Medical
Mount Sinai St Luke's and Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospitals
External organization: Unknown
OHSU-PSU School of Public Health
External organization: Unknown
Jindal Clinics
External organization: Unknown
3M
External organization: Corporate
Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases
External organization: Unknown
Department of Medicine
External organization: Unknown
Dallas Allergy & Asthma Center
External organization: Unknown
Depts. Anesth.
External organization: Unknown
American Board of Internal Medicine
External organization: Unknown
RIFM
External organization: Unknown
National Research Council of Canada
External organization: Government
Coordinating Centre
External organization: Unknown
University Northern Colorado
External organization: Academic
Palo Alto Medical Foundation
External organization: Unknown
Gilead Sciences
External organization: Unknown
Scientific Protein Laboratories
External organization: Unknown
Drexel University
External organization: Academic
University of Turin
External organization: Academic
Detroit Receiving Hospital
External organization: Medical
University of East Anglia
External organization: Academic
Symrise AG
External organization: Corporate
Aix Marseille Université
External organization: Unknown
Peking Union Medical College
External organization: Academic
Humboldt University of Berlin
External organization: Academic
Fundacio Caubet-Cimera
External organization: Unknown
Food and Fuel Consultants
External organization: Unknown
University of Turku
External organization: Academic
National Institute of Public Health and the Environment
External organization: Government
Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa
External organization: Academic
University of Leicester
External organization: Academic
University of Münster
External organization: Academic
Ewha Womans University
External organization: Academic
Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson
External organization: Unknown
Vancouver Clinic
External organization: Unknown
Children's Hospital
External organization: Unknown
Université Grenoble Alpes
External organization: Academic
Sichuan University
External organization: Academic
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
External organization: Medical
Queen Mary University of London
External organization: Academic
Linden Consulting Group
External organization: Corporate
Illinois Institute of Technology
External organization: Academic
IRCCS Istituti fisioterapici ospitalieri - Istituto Regina Elena
External organization: Government
CHU Montpellier
External organization: Medical
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
External organization: Academic
Tobacco-Free Coalition of Oregon
External organization: Unknown
Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center
External organization: Unknown
Trover Health System
External organization: Medical
University College Hospital
External organization: Unknown
Russian Ministry of Health
External organization: Government
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
External organization: Academic
Servizio Sovranazionale di Epidemiologia
External organization: Unknown
Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
External organization: Corporate
RIKEN
External organization: Government
Invion Group
External organization: Unknown
School of Hygiene and Public Health
External organization: Unknown
the COPD Foundation
External organization: Unknown
Veterans Affairs Portland Health Care System (VAPHCS)
External organization: Unknown
Badji Mokhtar University
External organization: Academic
St. Jude Children Research Hospital
External organization: Medical
New York Presbyterian Hospital
External organization: Medical
Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health
External organization: Government
Center for Medical Consumers
External organization: Unknown
Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme
External organization: Academic
Southwest Washington Medical Center
External organization: Unknown
Legacy Health
External organization: Unknown
Hadassah University Medical Centre
External organization: Medical
Texas A&M University
External organization: Academic
Providence Portland Medical Center
External organization: Medical
Radboud University Nijmegen
External organization: Academic
Heska Corporation
External organization: Unknown
MetroHealth Medical Center
External organization: Unknown
University of Cologne
External organization: Academic
IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute
External organization: Government
Education for Health
External organization: Unknown
Pulmonary Section
External organization: Unknown
Behala College
External organization: Unknown
i3 Magnifi Epidemiology
External organization: Unknown
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
External organization: Medical
American University of Beirut
External organization: Academic
Rainbow Babies and Children's Hosp.
External organization: Medical
Care Management Institute
External organization: Unknown
Permanente Federation
External organization: Unknown